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[Home]
[Up]
[Contents]
[Preface]
[Bibliographical Note]
[A Note on the Text]
[WHAT IS ART?]
I
II
III
IV
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VI
VII
VIII
IX
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XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
[CONCLUSION]
[Appendix I]
[Appendix II]
[Notes]
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WHAT IS ART?
¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY
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¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
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¡¡ |
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But how could it happen that the same art, which in antiquity was either barely tolerated or altogether rejected, should come to be regarded in our time as invariably a good thing, provided it affords pleasure? |
±×·¸Áö¸¸, ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ¶È°°Àº ¿¹¼úÀÌ, °í´ë¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ ¿ëÀεÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°Å³ª ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅºÎµÇ¾úÀ¸¸é¼, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â, ±×°ÍÀÌ Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿¹¿Ü
¾øÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°Ô µÇ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡? |
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It happened for the following reasons. |
±×°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯µé ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
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The appreciation of the merits of art — that is, of the feelings it conveys — depends on people¡¯s understanding of the meaning of life, on what they see as good and evil in life. Good and evil in life are determined by what are called religions. |
¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀåÁ¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
— Áï, ±×°ÍÀÌ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ —
ÀÌÇØ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡, »î ¾È¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ ¼±Çϰųª ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ±ú´Ý´Â °Í¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. »î ¾È¿¡¼ ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀº
Á¾±³¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. |
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Mankind ceaselessly moves from a lower, more partial and less clear understanding of life to one that is higher, more general and clearer. And, as in every movement, so in this movement there are leaders — those who understand the meaning of life more clearly than others — and among these leading people there is always one who, in his words and in his life, has more vividly, accessibly and forcefully manifested this meaning of life. This man¡¯s manifestation of this meaning of life, together with the traditions and rites that usually form around the memory of such a man, is called religion. Religions are indicators of the highest understanding of life accessible at a given time in a given society to the best of the leading people, which is inevitably and unfailingly approached by all the rest of society. And, only because of that, religions have always served and still serve as a basis for evaluating people¡¯s feelings. If their feelings bring people closer to the ideal to which their religion points, agree with it, do not contradict it — they are good; if they move them away from it, disagree with it, contradict it — they are bad. ¡¡ |
Àηù´Â ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ ´õ ³·°í, ´õ ÆíÆÄÀûÀÌ¸ç ´ú ¸í·áÇÑ »îÀÇ ÀÌÇØ·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ ³ô°í, ´õ ÀϹÝÀûÀÌ¸ç ´õ ¸í·áÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, °¢°¢ÀÇ
¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ÀÌ·± ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡¼µµ ¼±µµÀÚµé
— »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ´õ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé —
ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ¼±µµÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ±×ÀÇ ¸»µé ¹× ±×ÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡¼, ÀÌ·± »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ´õ¿í »ý»ýÇϰÔ, ½±°Ô ±×¸®°í
°·ÂÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀº, ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¾ïÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÁÖ·Î Çü¼ºµÇ´Â Àü½Âµé ¹×
Àǽĵé°ú ´õºÒ¾î, Á¾±³¶ó°í ºÒ¸°´Ù. Á¾±³µéÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø »çȸ¿¡ ¼±µµÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÁöÇ¥µé·Î, À̰ÍÀº »çȸÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ðµÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÊ¿¬ÄÚ ±×¸®°í Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ÀÌÇàµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¿À·ÎÁö ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡, Á¾±³µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
´À³¦µéÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â Åä´ë·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇßÀ¸¸ç ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³µéÀÌ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ´õ °¡±îÀÌ µ¥·Á°¡°í,
±×°Í¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é
— ±×°ÍµéÀº ¼±ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¸¸ÀÏ ´À³¦µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸Ö¸® ¹Ð¾î³»¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ Âù¼ºÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÑ´Ù¸é — ´À³¦µéÀº ¾ÇÇÑ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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If religion places the meaning of life in the worship of one God and the fulfilling of what is regarded as his will, as with the Jews, then the feelings resulting from the love of this God and his law, conveyed by art — the sacred poetry of the prophets, the Psalms, the stories in the book of Genesis — make for good, high art. Everything opposed to that, such as conveying the feeling of the worship of alien gods, or feelings discordant with the law of God, will be regarded as bad art. If religion places the meaning of life in earthly happiness, in beauty and strength, then art that conveys the joy and zest of life will be considered good art, while art that conveys feelings of delicacy or dejection will be bad art, as was thought among the Greeks. If the meaning of life lies in the good of the nation or in continuing the way of life of the ancestors and revering them, then art that conveys the feeling of joy in the sacrifice of personal good for the good of the nation or the glorification of the ancestors and the maintaining of their tradition will be considered good art, while art that expresses feelings contrary to these will be considered bad, as among the Romans and the Chinese. If the meaning of life lies in liberating oneself from the bonds of animality, then art that conveys feelings which elevate the soul and humble the flesh will be good art, as it is regarded among the Buddhists, and all that conveys feelings which enhance the bodily passions will be bad art. |
¸¸ÀÏ Á¾±³°¡, À¯´ëÀο¡°Ô ±×·± °Íó·³, »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ À¯ÀÏ ½ÅÀÇ ¼þ¹è ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀÇ ÀÌÇà¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ·± ½Å°ú ±×ÀÇ
À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀº, ¿¹¼ú
— ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ½Ã, ½ÃÆí, â¼¼±âÀÇ À̾߱âµé — ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ°í, ¼±ÇÏ¸ç ¼þ°íÇÑ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í,
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é À̹æÀÇ ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â ´À³¦, ȤÀº ½ÅÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÔÀº ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Á¾±³°¡ ¼¼¼ÓÀû Çູ,
¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú Èû¿¡ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ µÐ´Ù¸é, »îÀÇ È¯Èñ¿Í ÀÚ±ØÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³, ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ »îÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ ±¹°¡¸¦ À§ÇÔÀ̳ª ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» °è½ÂÇÏ°í ±×µéÀ» °ø°æÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼±À» À§ÇØ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¼±À» Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â ±â»Ý ȤÀº
¼±Á¶µéÀÇ Âù¹Ì ¹× ±×µéÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» °è½ÂÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´À³¦À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁú °ÍÀ̸ç, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·± °Íµé¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ»
Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº, ·Î¸¶ÀÎµé ¹× Áß±¹ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³, ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »îÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ µ¿¹°¼ºÀÇ ±¼·¹¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ»
ÇØ¹æ½ÃÅ´¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, Á¤½ÅÀ» °í¾çÇϰí À°½ÅÀ» ³·Ãß´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ, ºÒ±³ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç, À°½ÅÀÇ
¿Á¤µéÀ» ºÎÃß±â´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Always, in all times and in all human societies, there has existed this religious consciousness, common to all people of the society, of what is good and what is bad, and it is this religious consciousness that determines the worth of the feelings conveyed by art. And therefore, always, in all nations, art that conveyed feelings resulting from the religious consciousness common to the people of the nation was recognized as good and was encouraged, while art that conveyed feelings discordant with the religious consciousness was recognized as bad and was rejected; the whole enormous remaining field of art by which the people communicated among themselves was not valued at all, and was rejected only when it ran counter to the religious consciousness of its time. So it was among all nations: Greeks, Jews, Hindus, Egyptians, Chinese. So it was, too, when Christianity appeared. |
¾ðÁ¦³ª, ¸ðµç ½Ã´ëµé°ú ¸ðµç Àΰ£ »çȸµé¿¡¼, »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î, ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼±ÀÌ¸ç ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ °°Àº Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ °°Àº Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î¼ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ¸ðµç
±¹°¡µé¿¡¼, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ÎÁߵ鿡°Ô °øÅëÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ÀνĿ¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í Àå·Á µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Á¾±³Àû
ÀνĿ¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ®¼ °ÅºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù; ¹ÎÁßÀÌ ±×µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±³Á¦ÇÏ´ø °Å´ëÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö Àüü ¿¹¼úÀÇ ºÐ¾ß´Â
ÀüÇô °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡ÇÒ ¶§ °ÅºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×·¯Çß´Ù:
±×¸®½ºÀεé, À¯ÅÂÀεé, ÈùµÎÀεé, ÀÌÁýÆ®Àεé, Áß±¹Àεé. ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ» ¶§µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×·¯Çß´Ù. |
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Christianity of the earliest time recognized as good works of art only legends, saints¡¯ lives, sermons, prayers, hymns that called up in people the feeling of love for Christ, of being moved by his life, the desire to follow his example, the renunciation of earthly life, humility, and love for others. All works that conveyed feelings of personal pleasure were regarded as bad, and therefore Christianity rejected all pagan plastic art, allowing only symbolic plastic images. |
ÃʱâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ, ±×ÀÇ »î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °¨µ¿ ¹ÞÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´À³¦À», ±×ÀÇ º»À» µû¸£·Á´Â ¿å¸ÁÀ», ¼¼¼ÓÀû »îÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔ,
°â¾ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡ ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â, Àü¼³µé, ¼ºÀÚµéÀÇ »î, ¼³±³µé, ±âµµµé, Âù¼Ûµé ¸¸À» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú
ÀÛǰÀ̶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. °³ÀÎÀû Äè¶ôÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÀÛǰµéÀº ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¸ðµç À̱³ÀûÀÎ Á¶Çü ¿¹¼úÀ»
°ÅºÎÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ »ó¡Àû Á¶Çü ¿µ»óµé¸¸À» Çã¿ëÇß´Ù. |
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So it was among Christians of the first centuries, who received the teaching of Christ, if not quite in its true form, still not in a perverted one, not in a pagan form such as was accepted later on. But with the wholesale conversion of nations to Christianity, by a ruler¡¯s decree, as under Constantine, Charlemagne, and Vladimir, [42] there appeared a different, a Church Christianity, closer to paganism than to the teaching of Christ. And this Church Christianity, on the basis of its own teaching, began to evaluate quite differently the feelings of men and the works of art that conveyed them. This Church Christianity not only did not recognize the basic and essential theses of true Christianity — the direct relation of each person to the Father and, following from that, the brotherhood and equality of all men, resulting in the replacement of all forms of violence by humility and love — but, on the contrary, having established a heavenly hierarchy, similar to pagan mythology, and the worship of it, the worship of Christ, of the Mother of God, of angels, apostles, saints, martyrs, and not only of these divinities but also of their images, Church Christianity set up blind faith in the Church and its statutes as the essence of its teaching. |
ÃÊ±â ¸î ¹é ³â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº, ±×¸® ÂüµÈ ¸ð½ÀÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÈÄ´ë¿¡
¼ö¿ëµÈ °Í °°Àº À̱³ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ, ÄܽºÅºÆ¾, »þ¸¦¸¶´º, ±×¸®°í ºí¶óµå¹Ì¸£
Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼Ã³·³, ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ Ä¢·É¿¡ µû¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµ±³·Î µµ¸Å±ÝÀ¸·Î °³Á¾ÇÔ°ú ´õºÒ¾î, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§º¸´Ù´Â À̱³¿¡ °¡±î¿ü´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â, ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÃÊ·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´À³¦µé°ú ±×°ÍµéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼ú
ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸£°Ô Æò°¡Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °°Àº ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â Âü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ
±âº»Àû ¹× ±Ùº»Àû ÁÖÀåµé
— ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Á÷Á¢Àû °ü°è ±×¸®°í, ±×·¯ÇÔÀÇ °á°ú·Î, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö ¹× Æòµî, ±× °á°ú·Î Æø·ÂÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇüŵéÀ» °â¼Õ°ú
»ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇÔ —
À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ý´ë·Î, À̱³ÀÇ ½ÅÈ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Ãµ»ç °è±Þ, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼þ¹è, ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¼º¸ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, õ»çµé,
»çµµµé, ¼ºÀÚµé, ¼ø±³Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í À̵éÀÇ ½Å¼ºµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µéÀÇ ¿ì»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼þ¹è¸¦ È®¸³ÇÏ°í ³ª¼, ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ±³È¸¿Í
±³È¸ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸Í¸ñÀû ½Å¾ÓÀ» ±× °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»Áú·Î È®¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
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However foreign this teaching was to true Christianity, however base it was in comparison not only with true Christianity, but even with the world view of such Romans as Julian, [43] still, for the barbarians who embraced it, it was a loftier teaching than their former worship of gods, heroes, good and evil spirits. And therefore this teaching was a religion for the barbarians who embraced it. And it was on the basis of this religion that the art of the time was evaluated; art that portrayed the pious veneration of the Mother of God, Jesus, saints, angels, blind faith in and obedience to the Church, fear of torments and hope of bliss in the life after death, was considered good; art opposed to that was all considered bad. |
ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ Âü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ÀÌÁúÀûÀ̾úµç, ±×°ÍÀÌ Âü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁÙ¸®¾È °°Àº ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÇ ¼¼°è°ü°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¾ó¸¶³ª õÇÑ
°ÍÀ̾úµç, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â ¾ß¸¸Àε鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼, ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ½Åµé, ¿µ¿õµé, ¼±ÇÏ°í ¾ÇÇÑ ¿µµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú°ÅÀÇ ¼þ¹èº¸´Ù ´õ °í»óÇÑ
°¡¸£Ä§À̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×°ÍÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÑ ¾ß¸¸Àε鿡°Õ Á¾±³¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ °°Àº Á¾±³¸¦ Åä´ë·Î ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº
Æò°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù; ¼º¸ð, ¿¹¼ö, ¼ºÀÚµé, õ»çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±íÀº ¼þ¹è, ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸Í¸ñÀû ½Å¾Ó ¹× º¹Á¾, °íÅëµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú »çÈÄÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ
ÃູÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀ» ±×¸®´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¼±ÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù; ±×·¯ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¸ðµÎ ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù. |
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The teaching on the basis of which this art emerged was a perversion of the teaching of Christ, but the art that emerged from this perverted teaching was still true art, because it corresponded to the religious world view of the people among whom it emerged. |
ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ°Ô µÈ Åä´ëÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ö°îÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ¿Ö°îµÈ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃâÇöÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÂüµÈ
¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ±× ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÑ ¹ÎÁß¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ¼¼°è°ü¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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The artists of the Middle Ages, sharing the same religion with the popular masses as the basis for their feelings, while conveying in architecture, sculpture, painting, music, poetry and drama the feelings and moods they experienced, were true artists, and their activity, based on the highest understanding accessible to that time and shared by all, though low for our time, was still true art, common to the whole people. |
Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀÇ Åä´ë·Î¼ ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ÎÁß°ú ¶È°°Àº Á¾±³¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é, °ÇÃà, Á¶°¢, ȸÈ, À½¾Ç, ½Ã ¹× ¿¬±Ø¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ
°æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦µé°ú ±âºÐµéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ È°µ¿Àº, ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ Çã¿ëµÈ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ°í ¸ðµÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
°øÀ¯µÇ¾î¼, ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ºñÇØ ³·Áö¸¸, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, Àüü ¹ÎÁß¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. |
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And so it was until the time when doubt of the truth of the understanding of life expressed by Church Christianity appeared among the upper, wealthy, more educated ranks of European society. But when, after the Crusades, after papal power became highly developed and likewise abused, after people of the wealthy ranks became familiar with ancient wisdom and saw, on the one hand, the reasonable lucidity of the ancient sages, and, on the other, the lack of correspondence between the Church¡¯s teaching and the teaching of Christ, it became impossible for them to believe as before in the teaching of the Church. |
±×¸®°í ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÈ »îÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤÀÌ »ó·ùÃþÀÇ, ºÎÀ¯Çϸç, Á»´õ ±³À°¹ÞÀº À¯·´ »çȸ °è±Þµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ»
¶§±îÁöµµ ±×·¯Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ½ÊÀÚ±º ÀüÀï ÈÄ¿¡, ±³È²ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¹ßÀüµÇ°í ±×¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ³²¿ëµÈ ÈÄ¿¡, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ
ÁöÇý¿Í ¸í¾ðµé¿¡ Ä£¼÷ÇØÁø µÚ¿¡, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î °í´ë ÇöÀÚµéÀÇ ÇÕ¸®Àû ÅëÂû·ÂÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ »çÀÌÀÇ
±³°¨ÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î, ±×µéÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿¾³¯Ã³·³ ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. |
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If ostensibly they still kept to the forms of the Church¡¯s teaching, they were no longer able to believe in it and held to it only by inertia, or for the sake of the people, who continued to believe blindly in the teaching of the Church, and whom those of the upper classes considered it necessary to support in their belief for the sake of their own profit. So the Christian teaching of the Church ceased, at a certain moment, to be the general religious teaching of all Christian people. Some — the upper ranks, those in whose hands lay the power and wealth, and therefore the leisure and means to produce and encourage art — ceased to believe in the religious teaching of the Church, while the people went on blindly believing in it. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ Ç¥¸é»óÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÁ÷ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Çü½ÄµéÀ» ÁؼöÇϰí ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ´ÜÁö ¹«±â·ÂÇϰųª, ȤÀº
°è¼ÓÇØ¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â ¹ÎÁßÀ» À§Çؼ, ±×¸®°í »óÀ§ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À»
ÁöÁöÇÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ, ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±³È¸ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ¾î¶² ¼ø°£¿¡ À̸£·¯, ¸ðµç
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§À̱⸦ ¸ØÃß¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² À̵éÀº
— »óÀ§ °è±Þµé, ¼Õ¾Æ±Í¿¡ ±Ç·Â°ú ºÎ°¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»°í Àå·ÁÇÒ ¿©À¯¿Í ¼ö´ÜÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé — Àº ±³È¸ÀÇ
Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ï±â¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¹ÎÁßÀº ±×°ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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With regard to religion, the upper ranks in the Middle Ages found themselves in the same situation as the educated Romans before the appearance of Christianity — that is, they no longer believed what the people believed; but they themselves had no belief that they could put in place of the obsolete Church teaching, which had lost its meaning for them. |
Á¾±³¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, Áß¼¼ÀÇ »óÀ§ °è±ÞµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÃâÇö ¾Õ¿¡ ±×µé ±³À°¹ÞÀº ·Î¸¶Àεé°ú ¶È°°Àº À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù
— Áï, ±×µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´ë½ÅÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹ÏÀ½µµ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº
±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ±× Àǹ̸¦ ÀÒ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. |
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The only difference was that, while the Romans who lost faith in their god-emperors and household deities, having nothing more to extract from all the complex mythology they had borrowed from all the peoples they had conquered, had to embrace an entirely new world view, the people of the Middle Ages who doubted the truth of the Church¡¯s catholic teaching did not have to look for a new teaching. That Christian teaching, which they confessed in its perverted form as the Church¡¯s catholic faith, had mapped out the path for mankind so far ahead that they had only to discard the perversions that obscured the teaching discovered by Christ and to adopt it, if not in all, then at least in a small part of its meaning (greater, however, than that adopted by the Church). This very thing was done in part not only by the Reformation of Wyclif, Hus, Luther, Calvin, but by the whole movement of non-Church Christians, represented in early times by the Paulicians, the Bogomils, and later the Waldensians, [44] and all other non-Church Christians, the so-called sectarians. But this could be done and was done by poor people, not the powerful. Only a few among the rich and strong, like Francis of Assisi and others, accepted the Christian teaching in this vital sense, though it destroyed their advantageous position. The majority of people of the upper classes, though at the bottom of their hearts they had already lost faith in the Church¡¯s teaching, were unable or unwilling to do so, because the essence of the Christian world outlook they would be adopting, if they were to renounce the Church¡¯s faith, was the teaching of the brotherhood and therefore the equality of men, and such a teaching would deny them the prerogatives by which they lived, in which they had grown up and been educated, and to which they were accustomed. At the bottom of their hearts they did not believe in the Church teaching, which had outlived its time and no longer had any true meaning for them, and since they were unable to adopt true Christianity, the people of these wealthy ruling classes — popes, kings, dukes, and all the mighty of this world — were left without any religion, with nothing but its external forms, which they maintained, considering it not only profitable but necessary for themselves, since this teaching justified the advantages they enjoyed. Essentially, these people did not believe in anything, just as the educated Romans of the first centuries did not believe in anything. And yet the power and wealth were in their hands, and it was they who encouraged art and guided it. And so it was among these people that an art began to grow up which was evaluated not by how well it expressed feelings resulting from the people¡¯s religious consciousness, but only by how beautiful it was — in other words, how much pleasure it afforded. |
À¯ÀÏÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ´Â, ½Å°ú °°Àº ȲÁ¦µé ¹× °¡Á· ½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» »ó½ÇÇÑ ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÌ, ±×µéÀÌ Á¤º¹Çß´ø ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁß¿¡°Ô¼ Â÷¿ëÇß´ø º¹ÀâÇÑ
¸ðµç ½Åȵ鿡¼ ´õ ÀÌ»ó »Ì¾Æ ³¾ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁöÀÚ, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î ¼¼°è°üÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇß´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡Å縯 °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀǽÉÇÑ Áß¼¼
¹ÎÁßµéÀº »õ·Î¿î °¡¸£Ä§À» ±¸ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ±×µéÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡Å縯 ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î ¿Ö°îµÈ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î °í¹éÇß´ø
°ÍÀ̸ç, Àηù¸¦ À§ÇØ Àú ¸Ö¸® ±îÁö ±æÀ» ¿¹ºñÇ߱⿡ ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¹ß°ßÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» °¡¸®´Â ¿Ö°îµéÀ» ¹ö¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ», Àüü´Â ¾Æ´Ï¶óµµ,
Àû¾îµµ ±× ÀǹÌÀÇ ÀÛÀº ÀϺΠ¸¸À̶óµµ, äÅÃÇϱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÇ¾ú´Ù (ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±³È¸°¡ äÅÃÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù Å« °ÍÀÌ´Ù). ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î À§Å¬¸®ÇÁ, Ç㽺, ·çÅÍ, Ä®ºóÀÇ °³Çõ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºñ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεé Àüü ¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÇàÇØÁ³À¸¸ç, Ãʱ⿡´Â Æú¸®½Ã¾È, º¸°í¹Ð,
¹× ÈıâÀÇ ¿Ðµµ½Ã¾Èµé, ±×¸®°í ¼ÒÀ§ ºÐÆÄÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ºñ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àε鿡 ÀÇÇØ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀº °¡³ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í ÀÌ·ç¾î Á³Áö¸¸, ÈûÀÖ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼´Â ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ºÎ¿Í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ ÀÚµé Áß ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º ¾Æ½Ã½Ã µî°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸î
¸¸ÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ À¯¸®ÇÑ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌ °°ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. »ó·ù °è±ÞÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ÀÌ¹Ì »ó½ÇÇØ ¹ö·ÈÁö¸¸, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°Å³ª ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ Àǻ簡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×µéÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» Æ÷±âÇϱâ¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÉ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü¸ÁÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº, ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÆòµîÀ̸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×µéÀÌ ´©·Á¿Ô´ø, ±×µéÀÌ Àڶ󳪼 ±³À°¹Þ¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÌ ÀûÀÀÇØ ¿Ô´ø, Ư±ÇµéÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µé ¸¶À½ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ±×°ÍÀº ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾î¶² ÂüµÈ Àǹ̸¦ °¡ÁöÁö
¸øÇß°í, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ äÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌµé ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Áö¹è °è±Þµé
— ±³È²µé, ¿Õµé, ±ºÁÖµé,±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ±Ç·ÂÀÚµé —
ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾î¶² Á¾±³µµ °®Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çüŵ鸸 Áö´Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ´©¸®´ø ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Á¤´çȽÃÄױ⠶§¹®¿¡,
±×°ÍÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é¼ À̰ÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î, óÀ½ ¸î ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ±³À°¹ÞÀº ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÌ
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °Íó·³, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±Ç·Â°ú ºÎ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼Õ ¾È¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼úÀ» Àå·ÁÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ»
À̲ö °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ Àڶ󳪱⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹ÎÁßÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â
´À³¦µéÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª Àß Ç¥ÇöÇϴ°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿îÁö
— ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´ÂÁö —
¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Æò°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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No longer able to believe in the Church religion, which had betrayed its own lie, and unable to adopt the true Christian teaching, which denied their entire life, these wealthy and powerful people, being left without any religious understanding of life, returned willy-nilly to that pagan world view which locates the meaning of life in personal pleasure. Thus there occurred among the upper classes what is known as ¡®the Renaissance of science and art¡¯, which essentially was not merely the denial of any religion, but also the recognition of its needlessness. |
´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÅÁþÀ» ¹è¹ÝÇÏ´Â ±³È¸ Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í, ±×µéÀÇ Àüü »îÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé äÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â¿¡,
ÀÌµé ºÎ¿Í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µéÀº, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ±ú´ÞÀ½À» »ó½ÇÇÑ Ã¤, ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °³ÀÎÀû Äè¶ô¿¡ µÎ´Â À̱³Àû
¼¼°è°üÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¼¹´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »ó·ù °è±Þµé¿¡¼ 'Çй®°ú ¿¹¼úÀÇ ºÎÈï'À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç Á¾±³ÀÇ
ºÎÁ¤ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÔÀÇ ÀνÄÀ̾ú´Ù. |
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The Church teaching, especially the Roman Catholic, is such a coherent system that it cannot be changed or corrected without destroying the whole. As soon as there emerged a doubt of the infallibility of the popes [45] — and this doubt emerged then in all educated people — there inevitably emerged a doubt of the truth of Catholic tradition. And doubt of the truth of the Catholic tradition demolished not only the papacy and Catholicism, but the entire faith of the Church, with all its dogmas, the divinity of Christ, the Resurrection, the Trinity; it also destroyed the authority of the Scriptures, because the Scriptures were recognized as sacred only because tradition had decided so. |
±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ƯÈ÷ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯Àº, ³Ê¹«³ª ¹ÐÂøµÈ ü°è¶ó¼ Àüü¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ´Â º¯ÈµÉ ¼öµµ ±³Á¤µÉ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±³È²µéÀÇ
¹«¿À·ù¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ
— ±×¸®°í ÀÌ °°Àº ÀÇȤÀº ¸ðµç ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù — °¡Å縯 Àü½ÂÀÇ Áø½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤµµ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡Å縯
Àü½ÂÀÇ Áø½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤÀº ±³È²±Ç ¹× °¡Å縯±³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àüü ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¸¶Àú, ±× ¸ðµç ±³¸®µé, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼º, ºÎȰ, »ïÀ§ÀÏü
µî°ú ÇÔ²²
ºØ±«½ÃÄ×´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¼º¼µéÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ÆÄ±«Çß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼º¼µéÀº ¿À·ÎÁö Àü½ÂÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô °áÁ¤Çß¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus the majority of upper-class people at that time, even the popes and clerics, essentially did not believe in anything. They did not believe in the Church teaching, because they saw its unsoundness; nor Could they recognize the moral, social teaching of Christ, as it had been recognized by Francis of Assisi, Kelchitsky [46] and most of the sectarians, because this teaching would destroy their social position. So these people remained without any religious world view. And, having no religious world view, they could not have any other standard for evaluating good and bad art than personal pleasure. Having recognized pleasure — that is, beauty — as the standard of what is good, people of the upper classes of European society returned in their understanding of art to the crude understanding of the primitive Greeks, already condemned by Plato. And, in correspondence with this understanding, a theory of art took shape among them. |
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ë´Ù¼ö »ó·ù °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î ±³È²µé ¹× ¼ºÁ÷Àڵ鸶Àú, ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§À» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÇ Å¸¶ôÇÔÀ» º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ, ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º ¾Æ½Ã½Ã, ÄÌÄ¡½ºÅ°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀνĵǴø °Í °°Àº,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ µµ´öÀû »çȸÀû °¡¸£Ä§µµ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ÀÌ
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ¼¼°è°üÀ» Áö´ÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ¼¼°è°üÀ» Áö´ÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇÀÚ, ±×µéÀº °³ÀÎÀû Äè¶ô ¿Ü¿¡ ¼±Çϰí
¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀ» Æò°¡ÇÒ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ±âÁصµ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Äè¶ô
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[Home]
[Up]
[Contents]
[Preface]
[Bibliographical Note]
[A Note on the Text]
[WHAT IS ART?]
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
[CONCLUSION]
[Appendix I]
[Appendix II]
[Notes]
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