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Malatesta, Enrico,
Enrico also spelled ERRICO (b. Dec. 14, 1853, Santa Maria Capua Vetere,
Kingdom of Naples [Italy]--d. July 22, 1932, Rome), Italian anarchist and
agitator, a leading advocate of "propaganda of the deed," the
doctrine urged largely by Italian anarchists that revolutionary ideas could
best be spread by armed insurrection.
Malatesta became politically active
while still in his teens, joining the First International in 1871. A dynamic
speaker and propagandist, he soon became a leader in the anarchist movement
and helped organize anarchist revolutionary groups in Romania, Italy, Spain,
and elsewhere in Europe, in Egypt, and in North and South America, including
Argentina. Imprisoned for a total of about 12 years during his long career,
he was sentenced to death three times and spent some 35 years in exile.
Though often associated with the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin,
Malatesta laid more emphasis on the organization of revolutionaries and
workers as a means to achieve anarchist political goals. Accordingly, he
helped organize workers' congresses in France, Belgium, and Switzerland at
which he urged armed revolt, and subsequently he was banished from each of
those countries.
In 1899 he visited the United
States, lecturing and editing an anarchist journal. After 1900 he lived more
or less quietly in London for many years, taking time out to agitate for
revolution in Italy in 1913-14. He returned permanently to Italy after an
amnesty in 1919, engaging in political activity until the Fascists' rise to
power in 1922. |
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