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general strike,
stoppage of work by a substantial proportion
of workers in each of a number of industries in an organized endeavour to
achieve economic or political objectives. A strike covering only one
industry cannot properly be called a general strike.
The idea of a general strike, as a
deliberate part of the tactics of collective bargaining, apparently began in
Great Britain, where the term had entered
the language by the 1830s. The theory of the general strike as a method of
social revolution was developed later in the century in France by syndicalist
thinkers, who believed that workers could achieve a social revolution by
using a general strike to directly overthrow the capitalist owners of
industry.
General strikes first became
possible with the growth of large trade unions
late in the 19th century. Two large general strikes occurred in Belgium
in 1893 and 1902 in support of universal manhood suffrage. A large-scale
strike took place in Sweden in 1902 over
similar issues and was followed by one in Italy
in 1904 protesting the use of soldiers as strikebreakers. The general strike
that gripped Russia during the Revolution of 1905 forced the tsar to issue
the October Manifesto, in which he promised to create a constitution and a
national legislature. In 1909 Sweden had another general strike, this time
in response to the wage-freeze and lockout policies adopted by employers
because of falling profits. Nearly half of the country's total workforce
struck, and the stoppage lasted a month before the strike was settled. The
Swedish general strike encouraged the idea in other countries that major
economic reforms could be achieved without resorting to violence. (see also Russian
Revolution of 1905)
A general strike in Berlin thwarted
a right-wing takeover of the German government in 1920. In 1926 Britain
faced one of the largest of all general strikes,
which was undertaken by the Trades Union Congress in support of the nation's
coal miners, who were in a bitter dispute with the mine owners. About
3,000,000 of Britain's 5,000,000 trade-union members were involved in the
strike, which was intended to force the government to intervene in the coal
dispute. The strike lasted only nine days and ended on May 12, however,
after the TUC realized that it was unable to prevent the government from
keeping essential services running.
General strikes have been infrequent
in Europe since World War II. Notable exceptions were the outbreak of a
general strike in France (May 1967), touched off by student demands for
educational reform, and nationwide strikes for social security and
educational reform in Italy (November 1968) involving more than 12,000,000
workers.
In the United
States, labour has accepted in principle the inviolability of the
collective contract and consequently has in principle always opposed the
general strike. A general strike would lead to universal breaches of
existing agreements and would expose weaker unions to reprisals from
employers.
In Asian and African countries,
trade unions allied with independence movements often resorted to general
strikes as a means of political protest during colonial rule. The smallness
of industry in these countries has limited all trade-union action. Wherever
organized trade unions exist, however, they have continued to use the
general strike as an instrument for achieving economic as well as political
ends. (see also developing nation) |
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