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Philosophy 

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Owen, Robert 

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Owen, Robert (b. May 14, 1771, Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales--d. Nov. 17, 1858, Newtown), Welsh manufacturer turned reformer, one of the most influential utopian socialists of the early 19th century. His New Lanark mills in Lanarkshire, with their social and industrial welfare programs, became a place of pilgrimage for statesmen and social reformers. He also sponsored or encouraged many experimental "utopian" communities, including one at New Harmony, Ind., U.S.

Early life.

Owen attended local schools until the age of 10, when he became an apprentice to a clothier. His employer had a good library, and young Owen spent much of his time reading. He did so well in business that by the time he was 19 he had become superintendent of a large cotton mill in Manchester, which he soon had made one of the foremost establishments of its kind in Great Britain. Owen made use of the first American sea island cotton (a fine, long-staple fibre) ever imported into the country and made improvements in the quality of the cotton spun. On becoming manager and a partner in the Manchester firm, Owen induced his partners to purchase the New Lanark mills in Lanarkshire.

The success at New Lanark.

In the town of New Lanark lived 2,000 people, 500 of whom were young children from the poorhouses and charities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The children, especially, had been well treated by the former proprietor, but the condition of the people was unsatisfactory. Crime and vice bred by demoralizing conditions were common, education and sanitation alike were neglected, and housing conditions were intolerable. Owen improved the houses and, mainly by his own personal influence, encouraged the people in habits of order, cleanliness, and thrift. He opened a store at which goods of sound quality could be bought at little more than cost price and at which the sale of alcoholic beverages was placed under strict supervision. His greatest success, however, was in the education of the young, to which he devoted special attention. In 1816 he opened the first infant school in Great Britain at the New Lanark mills and thereafter gave it his close personal supervision.

Though Owen at first was regarded with suspicion as an outsider, he soon won the confidence of the people. The mills continued to thrive commercially, but some of Owen's schemes entailed considerable expense, which displeased his partners. Finally, frustrated by the restrictions imposed on him by his partners, who wished to conduct the business along more ordinary lines, he organized a new firm in 1813. Its members, content with a 5 percent return on their capital and ready to give freer scope to his philanthropy, bought out the old firm. Stockholders in the new firm included the legal reformer Jeremy Bentham and the Quaker William Allen.

His philosophy of social reform.

In the same year (1813) Owen published two of the four essays in A New View of Society; or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, in which he expounded the principles on which his system of educational philanthropy was based. Having at an early age lost all belief in the prevailing forms of religion, he had thought out for himself a creed that he took to be an entirely new and original discovery.

The chief points in Owen's philosophy were that man's character is formed by circumstances over which he has no control and that he is not a proper subject either of praise or of blame. These convictions led him to the conclusion that the great secret in the right formation of man's character is to place him under the proper influences from his earliest years. The irresponsibility of man and the effect of early influences are the keynote of Owen's whole system of education and social amelioration.

For the next few years, Owen's work in New Lanark was to have a national, even European, significance. New Lanark became a place of pilgrimage for social reformers, statesmen, and royal personages. According to the unanimous testimony of all who visited it, the results achieved by Owen were singularly good. Children brought up on his system were generally felt to be graceful, genial, and unconstrained; health, plenty, and relative contentment prevailed. The business was a commercial success.

In 1815 Owen, apparently single-handedly, started agitation for factory reform, with only little effect, and by 1817 his work as a practical reformer had given way to ideas--still vital--that were to make him the forerunner of socialism and the cooperative movement. Owen argued that the competition of human labour with machinery was a permanent cause of distress and held that the only effective remedy lay in the united action of men and the subordination of machinery to man. His proposals for the treatment of pauperism were based on those principles.

Owen recommended that villages of "unity and cooperation" be established for the unemployed. Each village would consist of about 1,200 persons living on 1,000 to 1,500 acres (400 to 600 hectares); all would live in one large structure built in the form of a square, with public kitchen and messrooms. Each family would have its own private apartment and the entire care of the children until the age of three, after which they would be raised by the community. Parents would have access to them at meals and all other proper times. Such communities, Owen believed, might be established by individuals, by parishes, by counties, or by the state; in each case there would be supervision by duly qualified persons. Work and the enjoyment of its results would be shared in common.

The size of the projected community had been suggested by that of the village of New Lanark, and Owen soon advocated an extension of the scheme to the reorganization of society in general. Under his plan, largely selfcontained communities of from 500 to 3,000 would first be set up, mainly agricultural and possessing the most modern machinery. As they increased in number, he wrote, "unions of them, federatively united, should be formed in circles of tens, hundreds, and thousands," until they embraced the whole world in a common interest.

The community at New Harmony.

Owen's plans for the cure of pauperism were received with considerable favour until, at a large meeting in London, Owen declared his hostility to the received forms of religion. Many of his supporters believed that this action made him suspect to the upper classes, though he did not lose all support from them. To carry out his plan for the creation of self-contained communities, in 1825 he bought 30,000 acres of land in Indiana from a religious community and renamed it New Harmony. For a time, life in the community was well ordered and contented under Owen's practical guidance, but differences about the form of government and the role of religion soon appeared, and numerous attempts at reconstruction failed to compose them, though it is agreed that an admirable spirit prevailed amid all the dissensions. Owen withdrew from the community in 1828, having lost £40,000--80 percent of his fortune. The other chief Owenite community experiments were in Great Britain--at Queenwood, Hampshire (1839-45), in which Owen took part for three years; at Orbiston, near Glasgow, Lanarkshire (1826-27); and at Ralahine, County Cork (1831-33); he was not directly concerned with either of the later communities.

Leadership of the trade union movement.

In his "Report to the County of Lanark" (a body of landowners) in 1820, Owen declared that reform was not enough, that a transformation of the social order was required. His proposals for communities attracted the younger workers, brought up under the factory system, and between 1820 and 1830 numerous societies were formed and journals organized to advocate his views. The growth of labour unionism and the emergence of a working-class point of view caused Owen's doctrines to be accepted as an expression of the workers' aspirations, and when he returned to England from New Harmony in 1829 he found himself regarded as their leader. In the unions, Owenism stimulated the formation of self-governing workshops. The need for a market for the products of such shops led to the formation of the National Equitable Labour Exchange in 1832, applying the principle that labour is the source of all wealth.

The unprecedented growth of labour unions made it seem possible that the separate industries and eventually all industry might be organized by these bodies. Owen and his followers carried on ardent propaganda all over the country, with the result that the new National Operative Builders Union turned itself into a guild to carry on the building industry, and the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union was formed (1834). Though the enthusiasm of the unions and the numbers of labourers joining them were remarkable, determined opposition by employers and severe repression by the government and law courts ended the movement within a few months. It was two generations before socialism, first popularly discussed at this time, again influenced unionism. Throughout these years Owen's community ideas maintained a hold, and ultimately they provided the basis for the worldwide consumers' cooperative movement. After 1834 Owen devoted himself to preaching his educational, moral, rationalist, and marriage-reform ideas. At the age of 82 he became a spiritualist. He died six years later at Newtown.

Owen's autobiography, The Life of Robert Owen, was published in two volumes in 1857-58 (reprinted 1971). ( D.F.Do./Ed.)

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±×¸¦ ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °­ÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ½É¾îÁØ ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¸éÁ÷¹°Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ´Â ºñ·Ï ±×¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ¿­·ÄÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, 19¼¼±â »ê¾÷»çȸ¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ´º·¡³ÊÅ©¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Ãµµ·Î Ãʱ⿡´Â ¸Å¿ì Å« ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ °øÀå¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ýȰÀ» û»êÇÏ°í °³Çõ°¡°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ±×´Â »çȸ¿Í Àΰ£ÀÌ ¼³µæ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯È­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °ú½ÅÇß´Ù. ¿À¾ð¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÏÈ­°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ·¤ÇÁ ¿ùµµ ¿¡¸Ó½¼ÀÌ ³ëÀÎÀÌ µÈ ¿À¾ð¿¡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹°¾ú´Ù. "´ç½ÅÀÇ »çµµ´Â ´©±¸ÀԴϱî? ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç»óÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï±î? ÀÌÁ¦ ´©°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÌ Á×Àº µÚ¿¡µµ ³²¾Æ¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» ½Çõ¿¡ ¿Å±æ °Ì´Ï±î?" ¿À¾ðÀº ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏ°Ô ´ë´äÇß´Ù. "¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø¼Ò."

D. F. Durnbaugh ±Û

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Lives of Owen include Frank Podmore, Robert Owen: A Biography, 2 vol. (1906, reprinted 1971); and G.D.H. Cole, The Life of Robert Owen, 3rd ed. (1965). Other discussions of Owen and his ideas may be found in Margaret Cole, Robert Owen of New Lanark (1953, reissued 1969); J.F.C. Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World (also published as Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America, 1969); John Butt (ed.), Robert Owen (1971), a collection of essays; and Karen Caplan Altfest, Robert Owen as Educator (1977).

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