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Philosophy
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Revolution
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Çõ¸í
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revolution,
in social and political science, a major, sudden, and hence typically
violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures.
The term is used by analogy in such expressions as the Industrial
Revolution, where it refers to a radical and profound change in economic
relationships and technological conditions.
Though the idea of revolution was
originally related to the Aristotelian notion of cyclical alterations in the
forms of government, it now implies a fundamental departure from any
previous historical pattern. A revolution constitutes a challenge to the
established political order and the eventual establishment of a new order
radically different from the preceding one. The great revolutions of
European history, especially the English, French, and Russian revolutions,
changed not only the system of government but also the economic system, the
social structure, and the cultural values of those societies.
Historically, the concept of
revolution was seen as a very destructive force, from ancient Greece right
through to the European Middle Ages. The ancient Greeks saw revolution as a
possibility only after the decay of the fundamental moral and religious
tenets of society. Plato believed that a
constant, firmly entrenched code of beliefs could prevent revolution. Aristotle
elaborated on this concept, concluding that if a culture's basic value
system is tenuous, the society will be vulnerable to revolution. Any radical
alteration in basic values or beliefs provides the ground for a
revolutionary upheaval.
During the Middle
Ages, the maintenance of the established beliefs and forms of
government remained the priority. Much attention was given to finding means
of combating revolution and stifling changes in society. Religious authority
was so strong and its belief in the maintenance of order so fundamental that
the church directed people to accept the inequities of power, instead of
upsetting the stability of society.
Only after the emergence of secular humanism
during the Renaissance did this concept of revolution, as a cause of the
desecration of society, change to embrace a more modern perspective. The
16th-century Italian writer Niccolò
Machiavelli recognized the importance of creating a state that could
endure the threat of revolution; but, at the same time, his detailed
analysis of power led to a new belief in the necessity of changes in the
structure of government on certain occasions. This new acceptance of change
placed Machiavelli at the forefront of modern revolutionary thought, even
though he never used the word revolution in his texts, and he was primarily
concerned with the creation of a truly stable state.
The 17th-century English writer John
Milton was an early believer in revolution's inherent ability to help
a society realize its potential. He also saw revolution as the right of
society to defend itself against abusive tyrants, creating a new order that
reflected the needs of the people. To Milton, revolution was the means of
accomplishing freedom. Later, in the 18th century, the French and American
revolutions were attempts to secure freedom from oppressive leadership.
Modern revolutions have frequently incorporated utopian ideals as a basis
for change.
Immanuel Kant,
the 18th-century German philosopher, believed in revolution as a force for
the advancement of mankind. Kant believed that revolution was a
"natural" step in the realization of a higher ethical foundation
for society. This idea helped serve as a basis for the American and French
revolutions.
The 19th-century German philosopher G.W.F.
Hegel was a crucial catalyst in the formation of 20th-century
revolutionary thought. He saw revolutions as the fulfillment of human
destiny, and he saw revolutionary leaders as those necessary to instigate
and implement reforms. Hegel's theories served as the foundation for the
most influential revolutionary thinker, Karl Marx.
Marx used Hegel's abstractions as the basis for a plan of class struggle,
centred on a fight for the control of the economic processes of society.
Marx believed in progressive stages of human history, culminating in the
working-class overthrow of the property-owning class. For society to
advance, the working class, or proletariat, must take over the means of
production. Marx viewed this eventuality as the conclusion of the human
struggle for freedom and a classless society, thus eliminating the need for
further political change. Communist revolutions led by Marxists took place
in Russia, Yugoslavia, China, Vietnam, and Cuba, among other countries, in
the 20th century.
One modern historian, Crane Brinton,
analyzed the tendencies of a society prior to a major revolution. He saw a
prerevolutionary society as having a combination of social and political
tensions, caused by a gradual breakdown of the values of a society. This
leads to a fracture of political authority, as the governing body must rely
upon an increasingly desperate use of force to remain in power. Commensurate
with this is the emergence of reform elements that serve to emphasize the
corruption of the political authority. As the existing political order
begins to lose its grasp on authority, momentum builds among the diverse
forces of the opposition. As the government becomes more precarious, the
splinter groups that form the threat to the existing order band together to
topple the authority.
Brinton also observed the different
stages of a major revolution. After the government is overthrown, there is
usually a period of optimistic idealism, and the revolutionaries engage in
much perfectionist rhetoric. But this phase does not last very long. The
practical tasks of governing have to be faced, and a split develops between
moderates and radicals. It ends in the defeat of the moderates, the rise of
extremists, and the concentration of all power in their hands. For one
faction to prevail and maintain its authority, the use of force is almost
inevitable. The goals of the revolution fade, as a totalitarian regime takes
command. Some of the basic tenets of the original revolutionary movement,
however, are eventually incorporated in the end. The French and Russian
revolutions followed this course of development, as did the Islamic
revolution in Iran in the late 20th century.
A strictly political revolution,
independent of social transformation, does not possess the same pattern of
prerevolutionary and postrevolutionary events. It may be merely a change in
political authority (as in many coups d'état) or a somewhat broader
transformation of the structures of power (as in the American and Mexican
revolutions). |
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- ÃÑ·Ð
- ±¹°¡¿Í Çõ¸í : V. I. ·¹´Ñ,
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- ÁÂÀÍÇõ¸í°ú üÁ¦¼öÈ£ : ³ëÈñ»ó,
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- ¿ª»ç°¡¿Í ¼¼°èÇõ¸í : H. ÄÜ,
¹Î¼®È« ¿ª, ޱ¸´ç, 1991
- °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¼¼°èÀÇ Çõ¸í »ó¡¤ÇÏ
: ¸¶´ç¹®°í»ç ÆíÁýºÎ,
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- Çõ¸íÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ºó°ï : ¹®¿µÈ£,
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- ÀÎÅÚ¸®°ÕÂî¾Æ¿Í Çõ¸í : ÀÌÀÎÈ£¡¤ÃÖ¼± °øÆí,
±â¸°¿ø, 1989
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Æò¹Î»ç, 1989
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¹ÎÂ÷»ê ÆíÀú, ¹Ù¶÷°ú ¹°°á,
1989
- »çȸÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸í·Ð : Yu. Å©¶ó½Å,
°¹Ì¼÷ ¿ª, °úÇаú »ç»ó,
1989
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ÀüÁø, 1989
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ÃÖ¼þ ¿ª,
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- Çõ¸íÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ý(´ë¾ß½Å¼
3) : Á¶Áö Åè½¼,
³²¼ö ¿ª,
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ÀÌÀç¼® ¿ª, ¹ÎÁ·¹®È»ç, 1986
- À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Çõ¸í : ¿¤·» ÄÉÀÌ Æ®¸²¹ö°Å,
±è¼®±Ù ¿ª,
Çй®°ú »ç»ó»ç, 1986
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ºòÅç ¿ïÆæ½ºÅ×ÀÎ, À̸íö ¿ª,
È£¾ÏÃâÆÇ»ç, 1986
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´ë¿Õ»ç, 1984
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¹ÚÇöä ¿Ü, Çѱæ»ç, 1984
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1848³â :
ùÁå¯Ëíì£, ¿ì¸®±âȹ ¿ª,
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