Mencius
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¸ÍÀÚ (Øëí)
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Mencius
(Latin), Chinese (Wade-Giles) MENG-TZU, or (Pinyin) MENGZI, original
name (Wade-Giles) MENG K'O, posthumous name TSOU KUNG, or DUKE OF TSOU (b. c.
372 BC, ancient state of Tsou, China--d. c.
289, China), early Chinese philosopher whose development of orthodox Confucianism
earned him the title "second sage." Chief among his basic tenets was
an emphasis on the obligation of rulers to provide for the common people. The
book Menciusrecords his doings and sayings and contains statements on the innate
goodness of human nature, a topic warmly debated by Confucianists up to modern
times.
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¸ÍÀÚ (Øëí),
(º´)Mengzi (¿þ)Mengtzu (¿µ)Mencius. BC 371°æ Áß±¹ÀÇ °í´ë Ãß(õÛ)³ª¶ó~BC
289°æ Áß±¹. Áß±¹ÀÇ °í´ë öÇÐÀÚ.
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Early
life.
Of noble origin, the Meng family settled in the state of Tsou, a minor
state in the present province of Shantung. Mencius was born there about 372 BC.
In several respects his life was similar to that of Confucius. Tsou and Lu (the
state of Confucius' origin) were adjacent states. Like Confucius, Mencius was
only three when he lost his father. Mencius' mother paid special attention to
the upbringing of her young son. A traditional story tells of her moving their
home several times and finally settling near a school, so that the boy should
have the right kind of environmental influence, and of her encouraging her son
to persevere in his studies. Among the Chinese, the mother of Mencius has been
for ages upheld as the model mother.
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As a young scholar Mencius had for his mentor a pupil of Tzu Ssu, who
was himself the grandson of Confucius. Thus, the continuity of the Confucian
orthodoxy in all its purity was assured. In due time Mencius became a teacher
himself and for a brief period served as an official in the state of Ch'i. He
spent much time traveling, offering his advice and counsel to the various
princes on government by jen("human-heartedness"), or humane government. The effort
was foredoomed because the times were chaotic, and the contending princes were
interested not in humane government but in power.
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The Chou dynasty (c.
1111-256/255 BC) was founded on the feudalistic principle of a
sociopolitical hierarchy, with clearly defined prerogatives and obligations
between those of high and low status. As time went on, however, ambition and
intrigue resulted in usurpations and impositions, eroding the feudalistic system
at the root and bringing on a condition of political and moral disorder. This
trend, which caused alarm to Confucius,
continued to worsen at an accelerating rate, and the age in which Mencius lived
is known in Chinese history as the period of Warring States (475-221 BC). Under
such conditions, Mencius' preachments to the princes on virtuous personal
conduct and humane government fell on deaf ears; yet he continued to speak his
mind, even though he knew that he was championing an unpopular cause.
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Philosopher
for the people
According to Mencius, the ruler was to provide for the welfare of the
people in two respects: material conditions for their livelihood and moral and
educational guidance for their edification. Mencius had worked out a definite
program to attain economic sufficiency for the common people, and it is recorded
in the book of Menciusthree times. He also advocated light taxes, free trade,
conservation of natural resources, welfare measures for the old and
disadvantaged, and more nearly equal sharing of wealth. It was his fundamental
belief that "only when the people had a steady livelihood would they have a
steady heart."
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While Mencius patiently exhorted the princes to cultivate the way of
moral power and to forsake the way of force and intrigue, he also reminded them
emphatically of the responsibility that came to them with the mandate of Heaven
to govern for the good of the people. With unusual courage, Mencius declared:
"The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the
land and grain come next; the sovereign counts for the least." He also
quoted for all to hear from the Shu Ching("Classic of History"), one of the Five Classics of Confucianism,
the saying "Heaven sees as the people see; Heaven hears as the people
hear." The outspoken sympathies of Mencius made him a champion of the
common people and an advocate of democratic principles in government.
Mencius' sojourn covered several states, but nowhere did he find a
prince willing to put his lofty principles of government into practice. His
sense of disappointment grew with the years and finally brought him back to his
native state of Tsou, where he devoted the remaining years of his life to the
instruction of his pupils. The work Mencius
is a collection of the records of the doings and sayings of the master by
his disciples, arranged in seven books with two parts to each book.
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Doctrine
of human nature.
The philosophic ideas of Mencius might be regarded as an amplification
of the teachings of Confucius. Confucius taught the concept of jen,
love or human-heartedness, as the basic virtue of manhood. Mencius made the
original goodness of human nature the keynote to his system. That the four
beginnings, or "four principles" (ssu
tuan)--the feeling of commiseration, the feeling of shame, the feeling of
courtesy, and the feeling of right and wrong--are all inborn in man was a
self-evident truth to Mencius; and the "four beginnings," when
properly cultivated, will develop into the four cardinal virtues of jen,
righteousness, decorum, and wisdom. This doctrine of the goodness of human
nature on the part of Mencius has become an enduring topic for debate among the
Chinese thinkers throughout the ages.
Mencius went further and taught that man possessed intuitive knowledge
and intuitive ability and that personal cultivation consisted in developing
one's mind. Mencius said: "He who has developed his mind to the utmost,
knows his nature. Knowing his nature, he knows Heaven." Hence, all men
could become like the great sage-kings Yao and Shun, the legendary heroes of the
archaic past, according to Mencius.
While Mencius has always been regarded as a major philosopher, special
importance was attributed to him and his work by the Neo-Confucianists of the
Sung dynasty (AD 960-1279). For the last 1,000 years, Mencius has been revered
among the Chinese people as the cofounder of Confucianism, second only to
Confucius himself.
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Among the several translations of the Mencius into the English language, the one by James Legge, The
Chinese Classics, vol. 2, Mencius, 2nd
ed. (1893-95; 3rd ed., 1960), is the standard one. W.A.C.H. Dobson's
translation, Mencius: A New Translation Arranged and Annotated for the General Reader
(1963), is also worth consulting.
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- Âü°í¹®Çå (¸ÍÀÚ)
- Àú¼
- ¸ÍÀÚ½ÅÇØ : ¸ÍÀÚ,
±èÁ¾¹« ¿ª, ¹ÎÀ½»ç, 1991
- ¸ÍÀÚ »ó¡¤ÇÏ(¼¹®¹®°í
109¡¤119) : ¸ÍÀÚ,
À̹μö ¿ªÁÖ,
¼¹®´ç, 1984
- ¸ÍÀÚ : ¸ÍÀÚ,
Àå±â±Ù ¿ªÁÖ, Æò¹ü»ç, 1976
- ¸ÍÀÚ(¼¼°è¹®ÇÐÀüÁý 60) :
¸ÍÀÚ, Â÷ÁÖȯ ¿ª,
À»À¯¹®È»ç,
1964
- Mencius (The Chinese Classics), 3rd ed. : James Legge, 1960
- ¿¬±¸¼
- Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â Áß±¹Ã¶ÇÐ À̾߱â :
ÀÌ¿µÀç Æí, ¹Ú¿ì»ç, 1992
- ¸ÍÀÚ¿Í ¼øÀÚÀÇ Ã¶Çлç»ó : ±èÇüÈ¿,
»ïÁö¿ø, 1990
- Áß±¹Ã¶Çлç : ù§éÒÕµ,
Á¤ÀÎÀç ¿ª, Çü¼³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1990
- ¸ÍÀÚ»ç»óÀÇ Àΰ£ÇÐÀû ÀÌÇØ ¡´´ëµ¿¹®È¿¬±¸¡µ 23 :
À⵿̱, ¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ´ëµ¿¹®È¿¬±¸¿ø, 1989
- ¸ÍÀÚÀÇ °¡Ä¡°ü¿¬±¸ ¡´Áß±¹Çк¸¡µ 2 :
ÀÓ¼ö¹«,
Çѱ¹Áß±¹ÇÐȸ, 1984
- ¸ÍÀÚºñÀ¯°í ¡´Áß±¹¹®ÇСµ 10 :
¾Èº´±Õ,
Çѱ¹Áß±¹¾î¹®ÇÐȸ, 1983
- µ¶ÈÄ ¸ÍÀÚ¿äÀÇ ¡´µ¿±³¹ÎŽĹڻç°íÈñ±â³äÀ¯±³ÇгíÃÑ¡µ
: È«À̼·, µ¿¾ÆÃâÆÇ»ç, 1972
- ¸ÍÀÚÀÇ À±¸®»ç»ó¿¬±¸ ¡´Áß±¹Çк¸¡µ 11 :
ÀÌÁöÇü,
Çѱ¹Áß±¹ÇÐȸ, 1970
- ØëíªÎæÚϼ¦¡ª½ªÎÞÖß̪Èßæª¤í¡ªÁ
¡´ÔÔÝÁÓÞùÊÙþùÊÝ»æÚϼҴÜáµ 1 : ÑÑÍÛö½, 1951
- ñéÏÐÞÖßÌÞÈ(äÛ÷îîïßö) :
ÙëÒ®ëùê©, äÛ÷îßöïÁ, 1936
- Mencius£ºThe Man and His Ideas : Albert F. Verwilghen, 1967
- Mencius on the Mind£ºExperiments in Multiple Definition : I. A.
Rechards, 1932 (reissued 1983)
-
Studies of his life and thought
include Albert F. Verwilghen, Mencius: The
Man and His Ideas (1967); Fung Yu-lan (Yu-lan Feng), A
History of Chinese Philosophy, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (1952, reissued 1983); and
Philip J. Ivanhoe, Ethics in the Confucian Tradition: The Thought of Mencius and Wang
Yang-ming (1990).
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