| Tung Chung-shu,
Pinyin DONG ZHONGSHU (b. c. 179 BC, Kuang-ch'uan, China--d. c.
104 BC, China), scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 as
the state cult of China and as the basis of official political philosophy--a
position it was to hold for 2,000 years. As a philosopher, Tung merged the
Confucianist and Yin-Yang schools of thought.
As a chief minister to the emperor Wu (c. 140-87) of the Han
dynasty, Tung was chiefly responsible for the dismissal of all non-Confucian
scholars from government. His proposal that Confucianism become the unifying
ideology of the Han empire was put into effect, as were his proposals to set
up an imperial college (t'ai-hsueh) for training promising students and
to require nobles and governors to recommend annually persons of talent and
good moral character for official appointment. Out of these institutional
means developed the civil-service examinations that became the basis of
recruitment into the bureaucracy, guaranteeing that men of humble birth and
high ability might rise to positions of power and influence.
As a philosopher, Tung made the theory of the interaction between heaven
(t'ien) and man his central theme. The emperor is heaven's ambassador on
earth, and natural catastrophes such as floods and droughts are Heaven's way
of warning the emperor to examine his personal conduct and correct his
mistakes. Yang (light, positive, male) and
yin (dark, negative, female) are the two fundamental forces of the universe
and as such should be kept in harmony. The ruler has the duty to preserve that
harmony. He must prevent disturbances by caring for and educating his people.
He may reform institutions when necessary but may never alter or destroy the
basic moral principles of heaven. In Tung's system the ruler has the central
position--undoubtedly one of the major reasons that Confucianism was accepted
by Emperor Wu. Confucian scholars, however, are given an equal if less obvious
power. It is they who interpret the portents and thus exercise a check on the
policies of the ruler.
Tung's Ch'un-ch'iu fan-lu
("Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals") is one of the most
important philosophical works of the Han period. In it, Tung interpreted the
Confucian Classic "Spring and Autumn Annals" (Ch'un-ch'iu), a
chronicle of the events in Confucius' native state of Lu between 722 BC and
481 BC, supposedly edited by Confucius. Tung felt that Confucius not only
recorded events in such a way as to exercise judgment upon them but that he
also laid down the rules to be used in governing future dynasties. According
to Tung, Confucius understood the relationship between man and nature and
therefore the way to interpret portents and omens.
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