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Quietism, a doctrine of Christian spirituality that, in general,
holds that perfection consists in passivity (quiet) of the soul, in the
suppression of human effort so that divine action may have full play. Quietistic
elements have been discerned in several religious movements, both Christian and
non-Christian, through the centuries; but the term is usually identified with
the doctrine of Miguel de Molinos, a Spanish
priest who became an esteemed spiritual director in Rome during the latter half
of the 17th century and whose teachings were condemned as heretical by the Roman
Catholic Church.
For Molinos, the way of Christian perfection was the interior way of contemplation
to which anyone with divine assistance can attain and that can last for years,
even for a lifetime. This contemplation is a vague, undetermined view of God
that inhibits man's interior powers. The soul remains in "dark faith,"
a state of passive purification that excludes all definite thought and all
interior action. To wish to act is an offense against God, who desires to do
everything in man. Inactivity brings the soul back to its principle, the divine
being, into which it is transformed. God, the sole reality, lives and reigns in
the souls of those who have undergone this mystic death. They can will only what
God wills because their own wills have been taken away. They should not be
concerned about salvation, perfection, or anything else but must leave all to
God. It is not necessary for them to perform the ordinary exercises of piety.
Even in temptation the contemplative should remain passive. According to
Quietist tenets, the devil can make himself master of the contemplative's body
and force him to perform acts that seem sinful; but because the contemplative
does not consent, they are not sins. Molinos' teachings were condemned by Pope Innocent
XI in 1687, and he was sentenced to life in prison.
Quietism was perhaps paralleled among Protestants by some of the tenets of
the Pietists and Quakers. It certainly appeared in a milder form in France,
where it was propagated by Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la
Motte Guyon, an influential mystic. She gained the support of Francois
de Salignac de la Mothe Fenelon, archbishop of Cambrai, who developed
a doctrine of pure love, sometimes called semi-Quietism, which was condemned by
Pope Innocent XII in 1699. Both Fenelon and
Guyon submitted.
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