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¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º¿Í ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ
(ORPHEUS and EURYDICE) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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CHAPTER XXIV
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE
ARISTAEUS - AMPHION
LINUS - THAMYRIS
MARSYAS - MELAMPUS
MUSAEUS
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24 Àå
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ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE
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ORPHEUS was the son of Apollo
and the Muse Calliope.
He was presented by his father with a lyre
and taught to play upon it, which he did to such
perfection that nothing could withstand the charm of his
music. Not only his fellow-mortals, but wild beasts were
softened by his strains, and gathering round him laid by
their fierceness, and stood entranced with his lay. Nay,
the very trees and rocks were sensible to the charm. The
former crowded round him and the latter relaxed somewhat
of their hardness, softened by his notes. |
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Hymen
had been called to bless with his presence the nuptials of
Orpheus with Eurydice;
but though he attended, he brought no happy omens with
him. His very torch smoked and brought tears into their
eyes. In coincidence with such prognostics, Eurydice,
shortly after her marriage, while wandering with the nymphs,
her companions, was seen by the shepherd Aristaeus,
who was struck by her beauty and made advances to her. She
fled, and in flying trod upon a snake in the grass, was
bitten in the foot, and died. Orpheus sang his grief to
all who breathed the upper air, both gods and men, and
finding it all unavailing resolved to seek his wife in the
regions of the dead (Hades).
He descended by a cave situated on the side of the
promontory of Taenarus and arrived at the Stygian realm.
He passed through crowds of ghosts and presented himself
before the throne of Pluto (Hades)
and Proserpine (Persephone).
Accompanying the words with the lyre, he sung: |
¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º°¡ ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇßÀ» ¶§, À̸¦ ÃàÇÏÇØ ÁÖµµ·Ï È÷¸Þ³ªÀÌ¿À½ºµµ Ãʴ븦 ¹Þ¾Ò¾ú´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ È÷¸Þ³ªÀÌ¿À½º´Â Âü¼®Àº ÇßÀ¸³ª ¾Æ¹«·± ±æÁ¶(±æÁ¶)µµ °¡Á®¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ È¶ºÒ±îÁöµµ ¿¬±â¸¸ ³ª¼, ±×µéÀÇ ´«¿¡ ´«¹°¸¸ ³ª°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀüÁ¶(ÀüÁ¶)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ÀÎÁö ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ´Â °áÈ¥ ÈÄ ¾ó¸¶°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ ±×³àÀÇ µ¿¹«ÀÎ ´ÔÆäµé°ú °Å´Ò°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅ¸ÀÌ¿À½º¶ó´Â ¾çÄ¡±âÀÇ ´«¿¡ ¶ç¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ±×³àÀÇ ¹Ì¿¡ °¨µ¿µÇ¾î »ç¶ûÀ» ¾ò°íÀÚ Ãß±Ù°Å·È´Ù. ±×³à´Â µµ¸ÁÃÆ´Ù. µµ¸ÁÄ¥ ¶§, Ç® ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹ìÀ» ¹â¾Æ ¹ßÀ» ¹°·Á Á×¾ú´Ù. ¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º´Â ±×ÀÇ ½½ÇÄÀ» ³ë·¡·Î, ½Å°ú Àΰ£À» °¡¸®Áö ¾Ê°í, ¾Æ´Ï ÀÌ Áö»óÀÇ °ø±â¸¦ È£ÈíÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ È£¼ÒÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ËÀÚ, À̹ø¿¡´Â »çÀÚ(»çÀÚ)ÀÇ ³ª¶ó·Î °¡¼ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ã±â·Î °á½ÉÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ŸÀ̳ª·Î½º ¼¶ÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿±¼À» °ÅÃÄ È²Ãµ¿¡ µµÂøÇß´Ù. ±×´Â À¯·ÉÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀ» ÇìÄ¡°í Çϵ¥½º¿Í Æä¸£¼¼Æ÷³×ÀÇ ¿ÁÁ ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸®¶ó·Î ¹ÝÁÖ¸¦ ÇÏ¸ç ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»·Î ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÒ·¶´Ù. |
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"O deities of the under-world, to whom all we who
live must come, hear my words, for they are true. I come
not to spy out the secrets of Tartarus, nor to try my
strength against the three-headed
dog with snaky hair who guards the entrance. I come to
seek my wife, whose opening years the poisonous viper's
fang has brought to an untimely end. Love has led me here,
Love, a god all powerful with us who dwell on the earth,
and, if old traditions say true, not less so here. I
implore you by these abodes full of terror, these realms
of silence and uncreated things, unite again the thread of
Eurydice's life. We all are destined to you, and sooner or
later must pass to your domain. She too, when she shall
have filled her term of life, will rightly be yours. But
till then grant her to me, I beseech you. If you deny me,
I cannot return alone; you shall triumph in the death of
us both." |
"ÇϰèÀÇ ½ÅµéÀÌ¿©, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °÷À¸·Î ¿ì¸®µé »ý¸íÀÖ´Â ÀÚ´Â ´Ù °¡°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³ªÀǸ»À» µé¾îÁֽʽÿÀ. ±×°ÍÀº Áø½ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ À̰÷¿¡ ¿Â °ÍÀº Ÿ¸£Å¸·Î½ºÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÀ» ŽÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¹ì°ú °°Àº ¸Ó¸®Ä®À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸Ó¸®°¡ ¼¼ °³ÀÎ ¹®Áö±â °³¿Í ÈûÀ» °Ü·ç·Á´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ²É´Ù¿î ûÃá¿¡ µ¶»ç¿¡ ¹°·Á ¶æÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Á×À½À» ´çÇÑ Á¦ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ãÀ¸·Î ¿Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶ûÀÌ Àú¸¦ À̰÷À¸·Î ÀεµÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶ûÀº Áö»ó¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â Àü´ÉÀÇ ½ÅÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿¾¸»ÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù¸é À̰÷¿¡¼µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×·² °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ÀÌ °øÆ÷¿¡ Ãæ¸¸ÇÑ °÷, ħ¹¬°ú À¯·ÉÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿¡ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏ¿© ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô °£Ã»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉÀÇ »ý¸íÀÇ ÁÙÀ» À̾î ÁֽʽÿÀ. ¿ì¸®µéÀº ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °÷À¸·Î °¡°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀ̳ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÏÂï °¡´À³Ä, ´Ê°Ô °¡´À³Ä, ÇÏ´Â Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖÀ» µû¸§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀúÀÇ ¾Æ³»µµ ¼ö¸íÀ» ´ÙÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ¼öÁß¿¡ µé¾î¿Ã °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¶§±îÁö´Â, ¿øÄÁ´ë ±×³à¸¦ Àú¿¡°Ô µ¹·Á ÁֽʽÿÀ. ¸¸¾à °ÅÀýÇϽŴٸé Àú´Â Ȧ·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Àúµµ Á×°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Á×À½À» ´«¾Õ¿¡ ³õ°í ½Â¸®ÀÇ ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸£½Ê½Ã¿À." |
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As he sang these tender strains, the very ghosts shed
tears. Tantalus,
in spite of his thirst, stopped for a moment his efforts
for water, Ixion's
wheel stood still, the vulture ceased to tear the giant's
liver, the daughters
of Danaus rested from their task of drawing water in a
sieve, and Sisyphus
sat on his rock to listen. Then for the first time, it is
said, the cheeks of the Furies
were wet with tears. Proserpine could not resist, and
Pluto himself gave way. Eurydice was called. |
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±×°¡ ÀÌ·± ¾Ö´ÞÇ ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸£ÀÚ, ¸Á·Éµé±îÁöµµ ´«¹°À» Èê·È´Ù. źŻ·Î½º´Â ¸ñÀÌ ¸¶¸¥µ¥µµ Àá±ñ µ¿¾È ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã·Á°í ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ÀͽÿÂÀÇ Â÷·ûµµ Á¤ÁöÇß´Ù. µ¶¼ö¸®´Â °ÅÀÎÀÇ °£À» Âõ±â¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ¿´°í, ´Ù³ª¿À½ºÀÇ µþµéÀº ü·Î ¹° Ǫ´Â ÀÏÀ» ÁßÁöÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½Ã½¬Æ÷½ºµµ ¹ÙÀ§ À§¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼ ³ë·¡¸¦ µé¾ú´Ù. º¹¼öÀÇ ¿©½ÅµéÀÇ ¾çº¼¿¡ ´«¹°¿¡ Á¥Àº °Íµµ ±× ¶§°¡ óÀ½À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Æä¸£¼¼Æ÷³×µµ °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í Çϵ¥½º Àڽŵµ ¾çº¸Çß´Ù. ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄɰ¡ È£ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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She came from
among the new-arrived ghosts, limping with her wounded
foot. Orpheus was permitted to take her away with him on
one condition, that he should not turn around to look at
her till they should have reached the upper air. Under
this condition they proceeded on their way, he leading,
she following, through passages dark and steep, in total
silence, till they had nearly reached the outlet into the
cheerful upper world, when Orpheus, in a moment of
forgetfulness, to assure himself that she was still
following, cast a glance behind him, when instantly she
was borne away. Stretching out their arms to embrace each
other, they grasped only the air! Dying now a second time,
she yet cannot reproach her husband, for how can she blame
his impatience to behold her? "Farewell," she
said, "a last farewell,"- and was hurried away,
so fast that the sound hardly reached his ears.
[Orpheus
in Hades: OVID, Metamorphoses, Book X, 1-106]
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±×³à´Â »õ·Î µé¾î ¿Â ¸Á·Éµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ºÎ»ó´çÇÑ ¹ßÀ» Àý¶Ò°Å¸®¸ç ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º´Â ±×³à¸¦ µ¥¸®°í °¡µµ ÁÁ´Ù´Â Çã¶ôÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª Á¶°ÇÀÌ Çϳª ºÙ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Áö»ó¿¡ µµÂøÇϱâ±îÁö´Â ±×°¡ ±×³à¸¦ µ¹¾Æº¸¾Æ¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶°ÇÇÏ¿¡ ¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º´Â ¾Õ¼°í ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ´Â µÚµû¸£¸é¼ ¾îµÓ°í ÇèÇÑ ±æÀ» ¸» ÇѸ¶µð ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °É¾î°¬´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» Áñ°Å¿î Áö»ó ¼¼°è·Î ³ª°¡´Â ¼ø°£ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ÀØ°í ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄɰ¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ µû¶ó¿À³ª È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ µÚ¸¦ µ¹¾Æº¸¾Ò´Ù. ±× ¼ø°£ ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ´Â Çϰè·Î µÇ²ø·Á°¬´Ù. ±×´úÀº ¼·Î Æ÷¿ËÇÏ·Á°í ÆÈÀ» ³»¹Ð¾úÀ¸³ª, Çã°íÀ» °¨¾ÒÀ» »Ó µÎ¹øÂ°·Î Á×¾î °¡¸é¼µµ ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄÉ´Â ³²ÆíÀ» ¿ø¸ÁÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Àڱ⸦ º¸°í ½Í¾î ¸ø°ßµ®¼ ÀúÁö¸¥ ÀÏÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô Å¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡.
"ÀÌÁ¦ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ À̺°ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾È³çÈ÷!" ÇÏ°í ±×³à´Â ¸»Çß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¾îÂ »¡¸® ²ø·Á°¬´øÁö, ±× ¸»¼Ò¸®Á¶Â÷ Àß µé¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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Orpheus endeavoured to follow her, and besought
permission to return and try once more for her release;
but the stern ferryman (Charon)
repulsed him and refused passage. Seven days he lingered
about the brink, without food or sleep; then bitterly
accusing of cruelty the powers of Erebus,
he sang his complaints to the rocks and mountains, melting
the hearts of tigers and moving the oaks from their
stations. He held himself aloof from womankind, dwelling
constantly on the recollection of his sad mischance. The
Thracian maidens tried their best to captivate him, but he
repulsed their advances. They bore with him as long as
they could; but finding him insensible one day, excited by
the rites of Bacchus (Dionysos),
one of them exclaimed, "See yonder our
despiser!" and threw at him her javelin. The weapon,
as soon as it came within the sound of his lyre, fell
harmless at his feet. So did also the stones that they
threw at him. |
¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º´Â ±×³àÀÇ µÚ¸¦ µû¸£·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ±×³à¸¦ µ¥¸®°í ¿À±â À§Çؼ Çϰ迡 ³»·Á°¡°Ô ÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ź¿øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çÁ¤À» ¸ð¸£´Â »ç°øÀº ±×¸¦ ¶°¹Ð°í °Ç³× Áֱ⸦ °ÅÀýÇß´Ù. ±×´Â 7ÀÏ µ¿¾È ¸ÔÁöµµ ¾Ê°í, ÀÚÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ °°¡¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í¾ÏÈæ°èÀÇ ½ÅµéÀÇ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÔÀ» Åë·ÄÈ÷ ºñ³Çϸé¼, Àڱ⠻ý°¢À» ³ë·¡¿¡ ´ã¾Æ ¹ÙÀ§¿Í »ê¿¡´Ù È£¼ÒÇß´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ È£¶ûÀ̵µ °¨µ¿Çϰí, Âü³ª¹«µµ °¨µ¿ÇÏ¿© ±× Å« Áٱ⸦ Èçµé¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ±×ÈÄ ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ¸Ö¸®ÇÏ°í ±×ÀÇ ½½Ç ºÒÇàÀÇ Ãß¾ïÀ» ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ µÇ¾ÃÀ¸¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù. Æ®¶óŰ¾ÆÀÇ Ã³³àµéÀº±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» »ç·ÎÀâÀ¸·Á°í °®Àº ³ë·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇßÀ¸³ª, ±×´Â ±×µéÀÇ ±¸È¥À» ¹°¸®ÃÆ´Ù. ÃijàµéÀº µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ Âü¾Ò´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°¡ ¾î´À ³¯ µð¿À´µ¼Ò½ºÀÇ Á¦Àü¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ¿© ÈïºÐµÇ¾î Á¤½ÅÀ» ÀÒÀº °ÍÀ» ÇÑ Ã³³à°¡ ¹ß°ßÇϰí, "Àú±â ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¸ð¿åÇÑ »ç³»°¡ ÀÖ´Ù!" °í ¼Ò¸®Ä¡¸ç ±×¸¦ ÇâÇØ âÀ» ´øÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ªÃ¢Àº ±× ¸®¶ó¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸± ¸¸ÇÑ °Å¸®¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÀÚ, ÈûÀ» ÀÒ°í ±×´ë·Î ±×ÀÇ ¹ß ¹Ø¿¡ ¶³¾îÁö°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ´øÁø µ¹µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
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But the women raised a scream and drowned the voice of the
music, and then the missiles reached him and soon were
stained with his blood. The maniacs tore him limb from
limb, and threw his head and his lyre into the river Hebrus,
down which they floated, murmuring sad music, to which the
shores responded a plaintive symphony. The Muses
gathered up the fragments of his body and buried them at Libethra,
where the nightingale is said to sing over his grave more
sweetly than in any other part of Greece. His lyre was
placed by Jupiter among the stars (constellation
of Lyra). His shade passed a second time to Tartarus
where he sought out his Eurydice and embraced her with
eager arms. They roam the happy fields together now,
sometimes he leading, sometimes she; and Orpheus gazes as
much as he will upon her, no longer incurring a penalty
for a thoughtless glance.
[image: 136K - painting
by Gustave Moreau]
[image: 46K - detail of
Moreau painting]
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±×·¯³ª ±×³àµéÀº ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Áú·¯ ¸®¶ó ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¹«±â¸¦ ´øÁ³´õ´Ï, ±×´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â¾Æ ÇÇ¿¡ ¹°µé¾ú´Ù. ±¤¶õÇÑ Ã³³àµéÀº ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Áú·¯ ¸®¶ó ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¹«±â¸¦ ´øÁ³´õ´Ï, ±×´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â¾Æ ÇÇ¿¡ ¹°µé¾ú´Ù. ±¤¶õÇÑ Ã³³àµéÀº ±×ÀÇ »çÁö¸¦ °¥±â°¥±â Âõ°í ±×ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿Í ¸®¶ó¸¦ Çìºê·Î½º °¿¡´Ù ´øÁ® ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ±×°ÍµéÀº ½½Ç ³ë·¡¸¦ ¼Ó»èÀÌ´Â µí ³ë·¡¿Í ¿¬ÁÖ¸¦ Çϸç Èê·¯³»·Á°¬°í ¾çÂÊ °º¯¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ¿¡ ¸ÂÃç ½½Ç ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÒ·¶´Ù.
¹«¿ì»çÀÇ ¿©½ÅµéÀº °¥±â°¥±â Âõ¾îÁø ±×ÀÇ ¸öÀ¸ ¸ð¾Æ ·¹À̺£Æ®¶ó¶ó´Â °÷¿¡ ¹¯¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ·¹À̺£Æ®¶ó¿¡¼´Â Áö±Ýµµ ¹ã ²Ò²¿¸®°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¹¦¿¡¼ ±×¸®½º¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Áö¹æ¿¡¼º¸´Ù ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼Ò¸®·Î ¿î´Ù°í ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸®¶ó´Â Á¦¿ì½º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼ºÁ »çÀÌ¿¡ ³õ¿´´Ù. ¸Á·ÉÀÌ µÈ ±×´Â ´Ù½Ã ¶Ç Ÿ¸£Å¸·Î½º¿¡ ³»·Á°¡ °Å±â¿¡ ¿¡¿ì·òµðÄɸ¦ ã¾Æ³»ÀÚ ¿·ÄÈ÷ ±×³à¸¦ ²ø¾î¾È¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº °°ÀÌ Çູ¿¡ ÃëÇØ µéÆÇÀ» °Å´Ò¾ú´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ±×°¡ ¾Õ¼±âµµ ÇÏ°í ¶§·Î´Â ±×³à°¡ ¾Õ¼±âµµ ÇÏ¸é¼ ¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º´Â ÀÌÁ¦´Â ºÎÁÖÀÇÇÏ°Ô ±×³à¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÏ¿© ¹úÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¿°·Áµµ ¾øÀÌ ¸¶À½²¯ ±×³à¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù. |
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The story of Orpheus has furnished Pope
with an illustration of the power of music, for his
"Ode for St. Cecilia's Day." The following
stanza relates the conclusion of the story:
¡¡
"But soon, too soon the lover turns his eyes;
Again she falls, again she dies, she dies!
How wilt thou now the fatal sisters move?
No crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love.
Now under hanging mountains,
Beside the falls of fountains,
Or where Hebrus wanders,
Rolling in meanders,
All alone,
He makes his moan,
And calls her ghost,
For ever, ever, ever lost!
Now with furies surrounded,
Despairing, confounded,
He trembles, he glows,
Amidst Rhodope's snows.
See, wild as the winds o'er the desert he flies;
Hark! Haemus resounds with the Bacchanals' cries.
Ah, see, he dies!
Yet even in death Eurydice he sung,
Eurydice still trembled on his tongue:
Eurydice the woods
Eurydice the floods
Eurydice the rocks and hollow mountains rung."
The superior melody of the nightingale's song over the
grave of Orpheus is alluded to by Southey
in his "Thalaba":
¡¡
"Then on his ear what sounds
Of harmony arose!
Far music and the distance-mellowed song
From bowers of merriment;
The waterfall remote;
The murmuring of the leafy groves;
The single nightingale
Perched in the rosier by, so richly toned,
That never from that most melodious bird
Singing a love song to his brooding mate,
Did Thracian shepherd by the grave
Of Orpheus hear a sweeter melody,
Though there the spirit of the sepulchre
All his own power infuse, to swell
The incense that he loves."
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
|
ARISTAEUS, THE BEE-KEEPER
|
²Ü¹úÁö±â ¾Æ¸®½ºÅ¸ÀÌ¿À½º |
|
Man avails himself of the instincts of the inferior
animals for his own advantage. Hence sprang the art of keeping bees.
Honey must first have been known as a wild product, the
bees building their structures in hollow trees or holes in
the rocks, or any similar cavity that chance offered. Thus
occasionally the carcass of a dead animal would be
occupied by the bees for that purpose. It was no doubt
from some such incident that the superstition arose that
the bees were engendered by the decaying flesh of the
animal;
and Virgil, in the following story, shows how this
supposed fact may be turned to account for renewing the
swarm when it has been lost by disease or accident. |
Àΰ£Àº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ Çϵ¹°ÀÇ º»´ÉÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾çºÀµµ ±×·± °ÍÀÇ Çϳª´Ù. ²ÜÀº óÀ½¿¡´Â ¾ß»ýÀÇ »ê¹°·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³À» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹úÀº ±× ÁýÀ» ¼ÓÀÌ ÅÖ ºó ³ª¹«³ª ¹ÙÀ§ Æ´ ȤÀº ¿ì¿¬È÷ ¹ß°ßµÈ ÀÌ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¿òÇ« ÆÐÀÎ °÷¿¡ ¸¸µé¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¶§·Î´Â Á×Àº Áü½ÂÀÇ ½Ãü ¼Ó¿¡¶óµµ ÁýÀ» Áö¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹úÀº Áü½ÂÀÇ ½âÀº »ì¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó ¹Ì½Åµµ »ý°Ü³ª°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½ À̾߱⵵ ÀÌ·± ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Aristaeus, who first taught the management of bees, was
the son of the water-nymph Cyrene.
His bees had perished, and he resorted for aid to his
mother. He stood at the river side and thus addressed her:
"O mother, the pride of my life is taken from me! I
have lost my precious bees. |
|
Á¦ÀÏ Ã³À½À¸·Î ¾çºÀ¹ýÀ» °¡¸£Ä£ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅ¸ÀÌ¿À½º´Â ¹°ÀÇ ´ÔÆä Äû·¹³×ÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾î´À ³¯ ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹úÀÌ Á×ÀÚ, ±¸¿øÀ» ûÇÏ·¯ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿¡°Ô·Î °¬´Ù. ±×´Â °°¡¿¡ ¼¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.
"¿À, ¾î¸Ó´Ï, ÀúÀÇ »ýȰÀÇ ÀÚ¶û°Å¸®°¡ Àú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÚÅ»µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ÀúÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ ¹ú¸¦ ÀÒ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. |
|
|
My care and skill have availed
me nothing, and you, my mother, have not warded off from
me the blow of misfortune." His mother heard these
complaints as she sat in her palace at the bottom of the
river, with her attendant nymphs
around her. They were engaged in female occupations,
spinning and weaving, while one told stories to amuse the
rest. The sad voice of Aristaeus interrupting their
occupation, one of them put her head above the water and
seeing him, returned and gave information to his mother,
who ordered that he should be brought into her presence.
The river at her command opened itself and let him pass
in, while it stood curled like a mountain on either side.
He descended to the region where the fountains of the
great rivers lie; he saw the enormous receptacles of
waters and was almost deafened with the roar, while he
surveyed them hurrying off in various directions to water
the face of the earth. Arriving at his mother's apartment,
he was hospitably received by Cyrene and her nymphs, who
spread their table with the richest dainties.
They first
poured out libations to Neptune (Poseidon),
then regaled themselves with the feast, and after that
Cyrene thus addressed him: "There is an old prophet
named Proteus,
who dwells in the sea and is a favourite of Neptune, whose
herd of sea-calves he pastures. We nymphs hold him in
great respect, for he is a learned sage and knows all
things, past, present, and to come. He can tell you, my
son, the cause of the mortality among your bees and how
you may remedy it. But he will not do it voluntarily,
however you may entreat him. You must compel him by force.
If you seize him and chain him, he will answer your
questions in order to get released, for he cannot by all
his arts get away if you hold fast the chains. I will
carry you to his cave, where he comes at noon to take his
midday repose. Then you may easily secure him. But when he
finds himself captured, his resort is to a power he
possesses of changing himself into various forms. He will
become a wild boar or a fierce tiger, a scaly dragon or
lion with yellow mane. Or be will make a noise like the
crackling of flames or the rush of water, so as to tempt
you to let go the chain, when he will make his escape. But
you have only to keep him fast bound, and at last when he
finds all his arts unavailing, he will return to his own
figure and obey your commands."
So saying she
sprinkled her son with fragrant nectar, the beverage of
the gods, and immediately an unusual vigour filled his
frame, and courage his heart, while perfume breathed all
around him.
The nymph led her son to the prophet's cave and
concealed him among the recesses of the rocks, while she
herself took her place behind the clouds. When noon came
and the hour when men and herds retreat from the glaring
sun to indulge in quiet slumber, Proteus issued from the
water, followed by his herd of sea-calves which spread
themselves along the shore. He sat on the rock and counted
his herd; then stretched himself on the floor of the cave
and went to sleep. Aristaeus hardly allowed him to get
fairly asleep before he fixed the fetters on him and
shouted aloud. Proteus, waking and finding himself
captured, immediately resorted to his arts, becoming first
a fire, then a flood, then a horrible wild beast, in rapid
succession. But finding all would not do, he at last
resumed his own form and addressed the youth in angry
accents: "Who are you, bold youth, who thus invade my
abode, and what do you want with me?" Aristaeus
replied, "Proteus, you know already, for it is
needless for any one to attempt to deceive you. And do you
also cease your efforts to elude me. I am led hither by
divine assistance, to know from you the cause of my
misfortune and how to remedy it." At these words the
prophet, fixing on him his grey eyes with a piercing look,
thus spoke: "You receive the merited reward of your
deeds, by which Eurydice met her death, for in flying from
you she trod upon a serpent, of whose bite she died. To
avenge her death, the nymphs, her companions, have sent
this destruction to your bees. You have to appease their
anger, and thus it must be done: Select four bulls, of
perfect form and size, and four cows of equal beauty,
build four altars to the nymphs, and sacrifice the
animals, leaving their carcasses in the leafy grove. To
Orpheus and Eurydice you shall pay such funeral honours as
may allay their resentment. Returning after nine days, you
will examine the bodies of the cattle slain and see what
will befall."
Aristaeus faithfully obeyed these directions. He
sacrificed the cattle, he left their bodies in the grove,
he offered funeral honours to the shades of Orpheus and
Eurydice; then returning on the ninth day he examined the
bodies of the animals, and, wonderful to relate! a swarm
of bees had taken possession of one of the carcasses and
were pursuing their labours there as in a hive.
|
ÀúÀÇ ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±â¼úµµ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¸Ó´Ïµµ Àç³ÀÇ Å¸°ÝÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àú¸¦ ¸·¾Æ ÁÖ½ÃÁö ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù."
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¡¡ |
|
In "The Task," Cowper
alludes to the story of Aristaeus, when speaking of the
ice-palace built by the Empress Anne of Russia. He has
been describing the fantastic forms which ice assumes in
connection with waterfalls. etc.:
¡¡
"Less worthy of applause though more admired
Because a novelty, the work of man,
Imperial mistress of the fur-clad Russ,
Thy most magnificent and mighty freak,
The wonder of the north. No forest fell
When thou wouldst build, no quarry sent its stores
T' enrich thy walls; but thou didst hew the floods
And make thy marble of the glassy wave.
In such a palace Aristaeus found
Cyrene, when he bore the plaintive tale
Of his lost bees to her maternal ear."
Milton
also appears to have had Cyrene and her domestic scene in
his mind when he describes to us Sabrina, the nymph of the
river Severn, in the Guardian-spirit's song in "Comus":
"Sabrina fair!
Listen where thou art sitting
Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave
In twisted braids of lilies knitting
The loose train of thy amber-drooping hair;
Listen for dear honour's sake,
Goddess of the silver lake!
Listen and save."
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |
|
The following are other celebrated mythical poets and
musicians, some of whom were hardly inferior to Orpheus
himself: |
´ÙÀ½¿¡ À̾߱âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½ÅÈ¿¡ ÀüÇØ ³»·Á¿À´Â ±×¹ÛÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ½ÃÀΰú À½¾Ç°¡µéÀε¥, ±×Áß¿¡´Â ¿À¸£Æä¿ì½º¿¡ ¸øÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
AMPHION
|
¾ÏÇǿ |
|
Amphion
was the son of Jupiter (Zeus)
and Antiope,
queen of Thebes. With his twin brother Zethus, he was
exposed at birth on Mount Cithaeron, where they grew up
among the shepherds, not knowing their parentage. Mercury
(Hermes)
gave Amphion a lyre and taught him to play upon it, and
his brother occupied himself in hunting and tending the
flocks. |
¾ÏÇÇ¿ÂÀº Á¦¿ì½º¿Í Å×¹ÙÀÌ ¿©¿Õ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÆä »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ½ÖµÕÀÌ ÇüÁ¦ÀÎ Á¦Å佺¿Í °°ÀÌ Å¾ÀÚ ¹Ù·Î ŰŸÀ̷л꿡 ¹ö·ÁÁ³´Ù. ¾çÄ£ÀÌ ´©±¸ÀÎÁöµµ ¸ð¸£°í ±×°÷¿¡¼ ¾çÄ¡±âµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¼ºÀåÇß´Ù. Ç츣¸Þ½º´Â ÀÌ ¾ÏÇǿ¿¡°Ô ¸®¶ó¸¦ ÁÖ°í, Ÿ´Â ¹ý±îÁö °¡¸£ÃÄ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¿ì´Â ¼ö·ÆÀ̳ª ¾çÀ» ÁöŰ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Á¾»çÇß´Ù. |
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Meanwhile Antiope, their mother, who had been treated with
great cruelty by Lycus, the usurping king of Thebes, and
by Dirce, his wife, found means to inform her children of
their rights and to summon them to her assistance. With a
band of their fellow-herdsmen they attacked and slew
Lycus, and tying Dirce by the hair of her head to a bull,
let him drag her till she was dead.* Amphion, having
become king of Thebes, fortified the city with a wall. It
is said that when he played on his lyre the stones moved
of their own accord and took their places in the wall. |
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±×µ¿¾È¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÎ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÆä´Â Å×¹ÙÀÌ ¿ÕÀ§¸¦ ³ë¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ¸®ÄÚ½º¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµéµé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¾Ë¸®°í, ¼ÒȯÇÏ¿© Àڱ⸦ µ½µµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº µ¿·á ¾çÄ¡±âµé°ú ´õºÒ¾î¼ ¸®ÄÚ½º¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ »ìÇØÇϰí, µð¸£ÄÉÀÇ ¸Ó¸®Ä®À» Ȳ¼Ò¿¡´Ù Àâ¾Æ¸Å¾î Ȳ¼Ò·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×³à°¡ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ²øµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ¾ÏÇÇ¿ÂÀº Å×¹ÙÀÌ ¿ÕÀÌ µÈ ÈÄ, ¼ºº®À» ½×¾Æ ¼öºñ¸¦ °ÈÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸®¶ó¸¦ Ÿ¸é µ¹µéÀÌ ÀúÀý·Î ¼ºº®À» ½×¾Ò´Ù°í ÀüÇØÁø´Ù.
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See Tennyson's
poem of "Amphion"
for an amusing use made of this story.
* The punishment of Dirce is the subject of a
celebrated group of statuary now in the Museum at Naples.
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¡¡ |
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LINUS
¡¡ |
¸®³ë½º
¡¡
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Linus
was the instructor of Hercules
in music, but having one day reproved his pupil rather
harshly, he roused the anger of Hercules, who struck him
with his lyre
and killed him. |
¸®³ë½º´Â Çì¶óŬ·¹½ºÀÇ À½¾Ç ¼±»ýÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ¾î´À³¯ ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¸¦ ³Ê¹« ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ²Ù¢¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Çì¶óŬ·¹½º´Â ³ëÇÏ¿© ¸®¶ó·Î ¶§·Á Á׿´´Ù.
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THAMYRIS
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Ÿ¹¿¸®½º |
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An ancient Thracian bard, who in his presumption
challenged the Muses to a trial of skill, and being
overcome in the contest, was deprived by them of his
sight. Milton
alludes to him with other blind bards, when speaking of
his own blindness, "Paradise Lost," Book
III. line 35.
[earliest reference in Greek mythology to Thamyris
in Homer's Iliad, Bk.II,595]
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Ÿ¹¿¸®½º´Â ¿¾³¯ Æ®¶óŰ¾ÆÀÇ ÅºÃ¢ ½ÃÀÎÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ¿Ü¶÷µÇ°Ôµµ ¹«¿ì»çÀÇ ¿©½Åµé¿¡°Ô ´©°¡ ÀßÇϳª °æÀïÀ» ÇØº¸ÀÚ°í µµÀüÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÆÐ¹èÇÏ¿© ¿©½Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àå´ÔÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ÐÅÏÀº <½Ç¶ô¿ø>ÀÇ Á¦ 35Çà¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´«¸Õ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ³ë·¡Çϰí Àִµ¥, ÀÌ Å¸¹¿¸®½º¿Í ±×¹ÛÀÇ Àå´Ô źâ ½ÃÀο¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ ¾ð±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
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MARSYAS
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¸¶¸£½Ã¾Æ½º
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Minerva (Athena)
invented the flute, and played upon it to the delight of
all the celestial auditors; but the mischievous urchin
Cupid (Eros)
having dared to laugh at the queer face which the goddess
made while playing, Minerva threw the instrument
indignantly away, and it fell down to earth and was found
by Marsyas.
He blew upon it, and drew from it such ravishing sounds
that he was tempted to challenge Apollo himself to a
musical contest. The god of course triumphed, and punished
Marsyas by flaying him alive.
[references in Aristotle,
Pausanias, Plato et al to myth of Athena and the flute]
[image: 114K - The
Flaying of Marsyas - painting by Titian]
[image: 27K - Marsyas
- statue in the Vatican Museum]
[image: 96K - Marsyas and
Apollo - painting by Perugino]
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¾ÆÅ׳ª´Â ÇǸ®¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇϰí, ÇǸ®¸¦ ºÒ¾î Çϴÿ¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ûÁßÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àå³²Ù·¯±âÀÎ ¿¡·Î½º´Â, ¿©½ÅÀÌ ÇǸ®¸¦ ºÎ´Â ±â¹¦ÇÑ ¾ó±¼À» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í¼ ¹«·ÊÇϰԵµ ¿ô¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¾ÆÅ׳ª´Â ³ëÇÏ¿© ÇǸ®¸¦ ³»´øÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ÇǸ®´Â ¶¥À¸·Î ¶³¾îÁ³°í ¸¶¸£½Ã¾Æ½º°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁÝ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ±× ÇǸ®¸¦ ºÎ´Ï »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» »©¾Ñ´Â µíÇÑ ÂüÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼Ò¸®°¡ ³µ´Ù. ÀÚ¸¸ÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¾ÆÆú·Ð°ú À½¾Ç °æÀïÀ» Çß´Ù. ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÌ ÀÌ±ä °ÍÀº ¹°·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¶¸£½Ã¾Æ½º´Â ¾ÆÆú·Ð¿¡°Ô µµÀüÇÑ ¹ú·Î¼ ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ê ä·Î ²®ÁúÀ» ¹þ±â¿ì´Â ¹úÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. |
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MELAMPUS
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¸á¶÷Ǫ½º
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Melampus
was the first mortal endowed with prophetic powers. Before
his house there stood an oak tree containing a serpent's
nest. The old serpents were killed by the servants, but
Melampus took care of the young ones and fed them
carefully. One day when he was asleep under the oak the
serpents licked his ears with their tongues. On awaking he
was astonished to find that he now understood the language
of birds and creeping things. This knowledge enabled him
to foretell future events, and he became a renowned
soothsayer. At one time his enemies took him captive and
kept him strictly imprisoned. Melampus in the silence of
the night heard the woodworms in the timbers talking
together, and found out by what they said that the timbers
were nearly eaten through and the roof would soon fall in.
He told his captors and demanded to be let out, warning
them also. They took his warning, and thus escaped
destruction, and regarded Melampus and held him in high
honour. |
¸á¶÷Ǫ½º´Â ¿¹¾ð·ÂÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àΰ£À̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Áý¾Õ¿¡´Â Âü³ª¹«°¡ ÇÑ ±×·ç ¼ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±× ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¹ìÀÇ º¸±ÝÀÚ¸®°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ÄÀº ¹ìµéÀº ÇÏÀεéÀÌ Á׿´À¸³ª, »õ³¢¹ìµéÀº ¸á¶÷Ǫ½º°¡ ºÒ½ÖÈ÷ ¿©°Ü ¾ÆÁÖ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ±æ·¯ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾î´À ³¯ ±×°¡ Âü³ª¹« ¹Ø¿¡¼ ÀÚ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¹ìµéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ±Í¸¦ Çô·Î ÇÓ¾Ò´Ù. ÀáÀÌ ±úÀÚ ±×´Â »õ³ª ±â¾î´Ù´Ï´Â µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ¸»À» ÇØµæÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í ³î¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´É·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×´Â ¹Ì·¡»ç¸¦ ¿¹¾ðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ°í À¯¸íÇÑ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾î´Â ³¯ ±×ÀÇ ÀûµéÀÌ ±×¸¦ »ç·ÎÀâ¾Æ ¾öÁßÈ÷ °¨±ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸á¶÷Ǫ½º´Â ¹ãÁß °í¿äÇÒ ¶§ Àç¸ñ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹ú·¹µéÀÌ ¼·Î À̾߱âÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» µè°í, Àç¸ñÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ´Ù Àá½ÄµÇ¾î ÁöºØÀÌ ¾ó¸¶°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ ³»·Á¾ÉÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Àڱ⸦ °¨±ÝÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ±× »çÁ¤À» ¸»Çϰí´Â ¼®¹æÇØ Áֱ⸦ ¿ä±¸Çϰí, ±×µéµµ ÁÖÀÇÇ϶ó°í °æ°íÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Á×À½À» ¸éÇÏÀÚ ±×¿¡°Ô °¨»çÇß´Ù.
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MUSAEUS
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¹«»çÀÌ¿À½º
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A semi-mythological personage who was represented by one
tradition to be the son of Orpheus. He is said to have
written sacred poems and oracles. |
¹«»çÀÌ¿À½º´Â ¹Ý½ÅÈÀûÀÎ Àι°·Î, ¾î¶² Àü¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿À¸£Æä¿ì½ºÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¶Ç Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ½ÃÁýÀ̳ª ½ÅÈÁýÀ» ½è´Ù°í ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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Milton
couples his name with that of Orpheus in his "Il
Penseroso":
¡¡
"But O, sad virgin, that thy power
Might raise Musaeus from his bower,
Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing
Such notes as warbled to the string,
Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek,
And made Hell grant what love did seek." |
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Back to Chapter XXIII
On to Chapter XXV
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¡¡ |
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¡¡ |
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
¡¡
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