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Æ®·ÎÀÌÀÇ
ÇÔ¶ô
(The Fall of Troy) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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CHAPTER XXVIII
THE FALL OF TROY RETURN OF THE GREEKS AGAMEMNON, ORESTES, AND
ELECTRA
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Á¦ 28 Àå
Æ®·ÎÀÌÀÇ ÇÔ¶ô ±×¸®½º ÀεéÀÇ ±Íȯ ¾Æ°¡¸â³í,
¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º, ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó
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¡¡
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THE FALL OF TROY
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Æ®·ÎÀÌÀÇ ÇÔ¶ô |
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THE
story of the Iliad ends with the death of Hector,
and it is from the Odyssey and later poems that we learn the fate of
the other heroes. After the death of Hector, Troy did not
immediately fall, but receiving aid from new allies still continued
its resistance. One of these allies was Memnon,
the AEthiopian prince, whose story we have already told. Another was Penthesilea,
queen of the Amazons,
who came with a band of female warriors. All the authorities attest
their valour and the fearful effect of their war cry. Penthesilea
slew many of the bravest warriors, but was at last slain by Achilles.
But when the hero bent over his fallen foe, and contemplated her
beauty, youth and valour, he bitterly regretted his victory. Thersites,
an insolent brawler and demagogue, ridiculed his grief, and was in
consequence slain by the hero.
[see sources: Library
of Apollodorus e.5.1 and Notes]
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Achilles by chance had seen Polyxena, daughter of King Priam,
perhaps on occasion of the truce which was allowed the Trojans for the
burial of Hector. He was captivated with her charms, and to win her in
marriage agreed to use his influence with the Greeks to grant peace to
Troy. While in the temple of Apollo, negotiating the marriage, Paris
discharged at him a poisoned arrow, which, guided by Apollo, wounded
Achilles in the heel, the only vulnerable part about him. For Thetis
his mother had dipped him when an infant in the river Styx, which made
every part of him invulnerable except the heel by which she held him.*
* The story of the invulnerability of Achilles is not found in
Homer, and is inconsistent with his account. For how could Achilles require
the aid of celestial armour if he were invulnerable?
[see sources: Library
of Apollodorus 3.13.6 and Notes]
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The body of Achilles so treacherously slain was rescued by Ajax
and Ulysses. Thetis directed the Greeks to bestow her son's armour
on the hero who of all the survivors should be judged most deserving
of it. Ajax and Ulysses were the only claimants; a select number of
the other chiefs were appointed to award the prize.
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It
was awarded to Ulysses, thus placing wisdom before valour, whereupon
Ajax slew himself. On the spot where his blood sank into the earth a
flower sprang up, called the hyacinth, bearing on its leaves the
first two letters of the name of Ajax, Ai, the Greek for
"woe."
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Thus
Ajax is a claimant with the boy Hyacinthus
for the honour of giving birth to this flower. There is a species of
Larkspur which represents the hyacinth of the poets in preserving
the memory of this event, the
Delphinium Ajacis-
Ajax's Larkspur.
[see description of flower - Pausanias, Description
of Greece 1.35.4]
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¡¡ |
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It
was now discovered that Troy could not be taken but by the
aid of the arrows of Hercules.
They were in possession of Philoctetes,
the friend who had been with Hercules
at the last and lighted his funeral pyre. Philoctetes had
joined the Grecian expedition against Troy, but had
accidentally wounded his foot with one of the poisoned
arrows, and the smell from his wound proved so offensive
that his companions carried him to the isle of Lemnos
and left him there. |
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Diomed
was now sent to induce him to rejoin the army. He succeeded.
Philoctetes was cured of his wound by Machaon,
and Paris was the first victim of the fatal arrows. In his distress
Paris bethought him of one whom in his prosperity he had forgotten.
This was the nymph OEnone,
whom he had married when a youth, and had abandoned for the fatal
beauty Helen. OEnone
remembering the wrongs she had suffered, refused to heal the wound,
and Paris went back to Troy and died. OEnone quickly repented, and
hastened after him with remedies, but came too late, and in her
grief hung herself.*
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µ¿¾È¿¡ Àذí ÀÖ´ø ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» »ý°¢ÇØ ³Â´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº
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ÆÄ¸®½ºÀÇ ¼ÒÇàÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ »óó¸¦ Ä¡·áÇØ
Áֱ⸦ °ÅÀýÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÆÄ¸®½º´Â Æ®·ÎÀ̾ƷÎ
µ¹¾Æ°¡¼ Á×¾ú´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿ÀÀ̳ë³×´Â °ð ÈÄȸÇÏ¿©
¾àÀ» °¡Áö°í ±ÞÈ÷ ÆÄ¸®½ºÀÇ µÚ¸¦ µû¶ó°¬À¸³ª, ¶§´Â
ÀÌ¹Ì ´Ê¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â ½½Ç ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ñÀ» ¸Å¾î Á×¾ú´Ù. |
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* Tennyson
has chosen OEnone as the subject of a short poem;
but he has omitted the most poetical part of the story, the return of Paris
wounded, her cruelty and subsequent repentance.
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¡¡ |
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There
was in Troy a celebrated statue of Minerva (Athena)
called the Palladium. It was said to have fallen from heaven, and
the belief was that the city could not be taken so long as this
statue remained within it. Ulysses and Diomed entered the city in
disguise and succeeded in obtaining the Palladium, which they
carried off to the Grecian camp.
[see sources: theft of Palladium - Library
of Apollodorus e.5.13 and Notes]
[see sources: conflicting Greek and Roman accounts - Library
of Apollodorus 2.39 and Notes]
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But
Troy still held out, and the Greeks began to despair of ever
subduing it by force, and by advice of Ulysses resolved to resort to
stratagem. They pretended to be making preparations to abandon the
siege, and a portion of the ships were withdrawn and lay hid behind
a neighbouring island. The Greeks then constructed an immense wooden
horse, which they gave out was intended as a propitiatory offering
to Minerva, but in fact was filled with armed men. The remaining
Greeks then betook themselves to their ships and sailed away, as if
for a final departure. The Trojans, seeing the encampment broken up
and the fleet gone, concluded the enemy to have abandoned the siege.
The gates were thrown open, and the whole population issued forth
rejoicing at the long-prohibited liberty of passing freely over the
scene of the late encampment. The great horse was the chief object
of curiosity. All wondered what it could be for. Some recommended to
take it into the city as a trophy; others felt afraid of it.
[see sources: Wooden
Horse - Library of Apollodorus 2.231 and Notes]
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While
they hesitate, Laocoon, the priest of Neptune (Poseidon),
exclaims, "What madness, citizens, is this? Have you not
learned enough of Grecian fraud to be on your guard against it? For
my part, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts."*
So saying he threw his lance at the horse's side. It struck, and a
hollow sound reverberated like a groan. Then perhaps the people
might have taken his advice and destroyed the fatal horse and all
its contents; but just at that moment a group of people appeared,
dragging forward one who seemed a prisoner and a Greek. Stupefied
with terror, he was brought before the chiefs, who reassured him,
promising that his life should be spared on condition of his
returning true answers to the questions asked him.
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±¸ÇØ ÁÖ¸¶°í ¾à¼ÓÇÏ¸é¼ ±×ÀÇ ¿ø±â¸¦ ºÏµ¸¾Ò´Ù. |
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He
informed them that he was a Greek, Sinon by name, and that in
consequence of the malice of Ulysses he had been left behind by his
countrymen at their departure. With regard to the wooden horse, he
told them that it was a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and made
so huge for the express purpose of preventing its being carried
within the city; for Calchas the prophet had told them that if the
Trojans took possession of it they would assuredly triumph over the
Greeks.
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¸ÂÃß±â À§ÇÑ Ç峳ǰÀÌ¿ä, ±×·¸°Ô °Å´ëÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç
°ÍÀº ¼º ³»·Î ¿î¹ÝµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·±â À§Çؼ¶ó´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¹¾ðÀÚ Ä®Ä«½º°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô
¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¸ñ¸¶°¡ Æ®·ÎÀ̾Ʊº ¼öÁß¿¡
µé¾î°¡¸é Æ®·ÎÀ̾ƱºÀÌ Æ²¸²¾øÀÌ ½Â¸®ÇÑ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
| This language turned the tide of
the people's feelings and they began to think how they might
best secure the monstrous horse and the favourable auguries
connected with it, when suddenly a prodigy occurred which
left no room to doubt. There appeared, advancing over the
sea, two immense serpents. They came upon the land, and the
crowd fled in all directions. The serpents advanced directly
to the spot where Laocoon stood with his two sons. |
|
ÀÌ ¸»À» µèÀÚ,
Æ®·ÎÀ̾ƱºÀÇ ½É°æÀº ÀϺ¯ÇÏ¿© ±«»óÇÑ ¸»[Ø©]°ú
±×¿¡ °áºÎµÈ ±æÁ¶¸¦ È®º¸ÇÒ ¹æÃ¥À» °±¸Çϱâ
½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. À̶§, µ¹¿¬ ±«ÀÌÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ
´õ¿í´õ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. µÎ
¸¶¸®ÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹ìÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
¹ìÀº À°Áö·Î ÇâÇØ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±ºÁßµéÀº
»ç¹æÀ¸·Î µµ¸ÁÃÆ´Ù. ¹ìÀº ¶ó¿ÀÄÜÀÌ µÎ ¾ÆµéÀ»
µ¥¸®°í ¼ ÀÖ´Â °÷À¸·Î °ðÀå ¿Í¼´Â |
|
|
They
first attacked the children, winding round their bodies and
breathing their pestilential breath in their faces. The father,
attempting to rescue them, is next seized and involved in the
serpents' coils. He struggles to tear them away, but they overpower
all his efforts and strangle him and the children in their poisonous
folds. This event was regarded as a clear indication of the
displeasure of the gods at Laocoon's irreverent treatment of the
wooden horse, which they no longer hesitated to regard as a sacred
object, and prepared to introduce with due solemnity into the city.
This was done with songs and triumphal acclamations, and the day
closed with festivity. In the night the armed men who were enclosed
in the body of the horse, being let out by the traitor Sinon, opened
the gates of the city to their friends, who had returned under cover
of the night. The city was set on fire; the people, overcome with
feasting and sleep, put to the sword, and Troy completely subdued.
* See Proverbial Expressions, no. 6.
[see also: Aeneid,
II 212-219 - Virgil's description of the serpents and Laocoon]
[see also: Laocoon
reference in Library of Apollodorus e.5.18 and Notes]
|
¿ì¼±
¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ¿© ±× ¸öÀ» ĪĪ °¨°í ¾ó±¼¿¡
µ¶±â¸¦ ³»»Õ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ±¸ÃâÇÏ·Á°í
³ë·ÂÇßÀ¸³ª ¹ì¿¡ ºÙÀâÇô ±×µµ °¨±â°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â
¹ìÀ» »Ñ¸®Ä¡·Á°í ÇßÀ¸³ª, ¹ìÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ¿© ±×¿Í
±×ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» µ¶±â¿¡ Âù ¸öÀ¸·Î ĪĪ È־¾Æ
¸ñÀ» Á¹¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº ¶ó¿ÀÄÜÀÌ ¸ñ¸¶¿¡ ´ëÇØ
¹«·ÊÇÑ ÁþÀ» Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ½ÅµéÀÌ ³ëÇÑ Â¡Á¶·Î
°£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦´Â ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ
¸ñ¸¶¸¦ ¼º½º·¯¿î ¹°°ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â°í Àû´çÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ»
°®Ãß¾î ¼º³»·Î ²ø¾îµéÀÏ Áغñ¸¦ Çß´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº
³ë·¡¿Í ½Â¸®ÀÇ È¯È£ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁ³À¸¸ç ¿ÂÁ¾ÀÏ
ÀÜÄ¡°¡ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ãÀÌ µÇ¾î ¸ñ¸¶ÀÇ ¹î¼Ó¿¡ µé¾î
ÀÖ´ø ¹«ÀåÇÑ ¹«ÀåµéÀÌ °£Ã¸ ½Ã³í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹ÛÀ¸·Î
³ª¿À°Ô µÇÀÚ, ¾ßÀ½À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ë±âÇϰí ÀÖ´ø
¿ì±º¿¡°Ô ¼º¹®À» ¿¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼º ¾È¿¡¼´Â ºÒÀÌ
ÀϾ°í ÀÜÄ¡¿¡ ÁöÃļ ÀáÀÌ µç ¹é¼ºµéÀº
Âü»ìµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̸®ÇÏ¿© Æ®·ÎÀ̾ƴ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷
Á¤º¹µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
One
of the most celebrated groups of statuary in existence is that of
Laocoon and his children in the embrace of the serpents.
|
ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â
°¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ±º»ó(ÏØßÀ) Á¶°¢ÀÇ Çϳª¿¡, Å« ¹ì¿¡
¸»¸° ¶ó¿ÀÄܰú ÀڽĵéÀÇ Á¶°¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The
original
is in the Vatican
at Rome.
|
º¸½ºÅæÀÇ
¾ÆÅ״Ͼö¿¡´Â ±× º¹Á¦°¡ Àִµ¥, ¿øÀÛÀº ·Î¸¶ÀÇ
¹ÙÆ¼Ä ±ÃÀü¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The following lines are from the "Childe Harold" of Byron:
"Now
turning to the Vatican go see
Laocoon's torture dignifying pain;
A father's love and mortal's agony
With an immortal's patience blending;- vain
The struggle! vain against the coiling strain
And gripe and deepening of the dragon's grasp
The old man's clinch; the long envenomed chain
Rivets the living links; the enormous asp
Enforces pang on pang and stifles gasp on gasp."
|
¡¡ |
|
The comic poets will also occasionally borrow a classical
allusion. The following is from Swift's "Description of a City
Shower":
"Boxed
in a chair the beau impatient sits,
While spouts run clattering o'er the roof by fits,
And ever and anon with frightful din
The leather sounds; he trembles from within.
So when Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed
Pregnant with Greeks impatient to be freed,
(Those bully Greeks, who, as the moderns do,
Instead of paying chairmen, run them through);
Laocoon struck the outside with a spear,
And each imprisoned champion quaked with fear."
|
¡¡ |
|
King Priam
lived to see the downfall of his kingdom and was slain at last on
the fatal night when the Greeks took the city. He had armed himself
and was about to mingle with the combatants, but was prevailed on by Hecuba,
his aged queen, to take refuge with herself and his daughters as a
suppliant at the altar of Jupiter. While there, his youngest son
Polites, pursued by Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus),
the son of Achilles, rushed in wounded, and expired at the feet of
his father; whereupon Priam, overcome with indignation, hurled his
spear with feeble hand against Pyrrhus,* and was forthwith slain by
him.
[see also: Sack of Troy - Library
of Apollodorus e.5.22 and Notes]
|
ÇÁ¸®¸ð¾Æ½º
¿ÕÀº ±×ÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ ¶§±îÁö »ì¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ¼º³»°¡
±×¸®½º±º¿¡ Á¡·É´çÇÏ´ø ³¯ ¹ã¿¡ ÇÇ»ìµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÇÇ»ìµÇ±â Àü¿¡ ±×´Â ¹«ÀåÀ» ÇÏ°í ¿ë»çµé°ú °°ÀÌ
½Î¿ì·Á°í ÇßÀ¸³ª ´ÄÀº ¿ÕÈÄ ÇìÄ«º£¿¡°Ô ¼³µæ´çÇÏ¿©
±×³à ¹× µþµé°ú ´õºÒ¾î Á¦¿ì½ºÀÇ Á¦´ÜÀ¸·Î
ÇdzÇÏ¿© ź¿øÇß´Ù. ±×µ¿¾È¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¸·³»¾Æµé
Æú¸®Å×½º°¡ ¾ÆÅ³·¹¿ì½ºÀÇ ¾Æµé ÇǷνº¿¡°Ô
Ãß°Ý´çÇÏ¿© ºÎ»óÀ» ÀÔ°í ±×°÷À¸·Î µ¹ÁøÇØ ¿Í¼
¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¹ß ¹Ø¿¡¼ Àý¸íÇß´Ù. ÇÁ¸®¾Æ¸ð½º´Â
°ÝºÐÇÏ¿© ÇǷνº¸¦ ÇâÇÏ¿© Èû¾øÀÌ Ã¢À» ´øÁ³À¸³ª,
¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇÇ»ìµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
* Pyrrhus's exclamation, "Not such aid nor such defenders
does the time require," has become proverbial. See Proverbial Expressions,
no. 7.
¡¡
|
¡¡ |
|
Queen
Hecuba and her daughter Cassandra
were carried captives to Greece. Cassandra had been loved by Apollo,
and he gave her the gift of prophecy; but afterwards offended with
her, he rendered the gift unavailing by ordaining that her
predictions should never be believed.
Polyxena,
another daughter, who had been loved by Achilles, was demanded by
the ghost of that warrior, and was sacrificed by the Greeks upon his
tomb.
[see also: Cassandra: A Woman's Place Is in the Wrong]
[see also: Hecuba
by Euripides]
[see also: The
Trojan Women by Euripides]
[see also: Trojan Women and Trojan Horse
and The Oath of Ajax
- reconstruction of Polygnotos painting with commentary]
|
ÇìÄ«º£¿Í
µþ Ä«»êµå¶ó´Â Æ÷·Î°¡ µÇ¾î ±×¸®½º·Î ¿¬ÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Ä«»êµå¶ó´Â ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¹Þ°í ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀº
±×³à¿¡°Ô ¿¹¾ðÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
¾ÆÆú·ÐÀº ±×³à¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±âºÐÀ» »óÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â
¶§¹®¿¡ ±×³àÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀ» ÀûÁßÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ µþ Æú¸¯¼¼³×´Â ¾ÆÅ³·¹¿ì½º°¡ »ýÀü¿¡
»ç¶ûÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×ÀÇ »çÈÄ ±×ÀÇ ¸Á·É¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿ä±¸µÇ¾î ±×¸®½º±º¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ¹¦ ¾Õ¿¡
Èñ»ý¹°·Î Á¦°øµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
MENELAUS AND HELEN
|
¸Þ³Ú¶ó¿À½º¿Í Çï·¹³× |
|
Our
readers will be anxious to know the fate of Helen, the fair
but guilty occasion of so much slaughter. On the fall of
Troy Menelaus
recovered possession of his wife, who had not ceased to love
him, though she had yielded to the might of Venus (Aphrodite)
and deserted him for another. After the death of Paris
she aided the Greeks secretly on several occasions, and in
particular when Ulysses and Diomed entered the city in
disguise to carry off the Palladium. |
|
µ¶ÀÚ´Â
À̰°ÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ìÀ°ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ì³ª
Á˸¹Àº Çï·¹³×ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Æ®·ÎÀ̾ư¡ ÇÔ¶ôµÇÀÚ ¸Þ³Ú¶ó¿À½º´Â ±×ÀÇ
¾Æ³»¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â
¾ÆÇÁ·ÎµðÅ×ÀÇ Èû¿¡ Á¤º¹µÇ¾î ³²ÆíÀ» ¹ö¸®°í
´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚ¿¡°Ô·Î °£ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, Àü°ú
´Ù¸§¾øÀÌ ³²ÆíÀ» »ç¶ûÇß´Ù. ÆÄ¸®½º°¡ Á×Àº
µÚ¿¡´Â ±×³à´Â ¶§¶§·Î ºñ¹ÐÈ÷ ±×¸®½º±ºÀ»
¿øÁ¶Çߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ¿Àµ÷¼¼¿ì½º¿Í
µð¿À¸Þµ¥½º°¡ ÆÈ¶óµð¿ÂÀ» Å»ÃëÇÏ°Ô À§ÇÏ¿©
º¯ÀåÀ» ÇÏ°í ¼º ³»¿¡ µé¾î¿ÔÀ» ¶§, ±×·¯Çß´Ù. |
|
|
She
saw and recognized Ulysses, but kept the secret and even assisted
them in obtaining the image. Thus she became reconciled to her
husband, and they were among the first to leave the shores of Troy
for their native
land. But having incurred the displeasure of the gods they were driven by
storms from shore to shore of the Mediterranean, visiting Cyprus,
Phoenicia and Egypt. In Egypt they were kindly treated and presented
with rich gifts, of which Helen's share was a golden spindle and a
basket on wheels. The basket was to hold the wool and spools for the
queen's work.
|
±×³à´Â
¿Àµ÷¼¼¿ì½º¸¦ º¸ÀÚ, ±× Á¤Ã¼¸¦ °£ÆÄÇßÀ¸³ª, ºñ¹ÐÀ»
ÁöÄ×À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÆÈ¶óµð¿ÂÀ» ÀÔ¼öÇϴµ¥
Á¶·ÂÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×³à¿Í ³²Æí°úÀÇ ÈÇØ´Â
¼º¸³µÇ°í ¾çÀÎÀº ¼±¹ß´ë¿¡ ³¢¿© Æ®·ÎÀÌ¾Æ ÇØ¾ÈÀ»
¶°³ª °í±¹À¸·Î ÇâÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ½ÅµéÀÇ ±âºÐÀ» »óÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾î,
ÆøÇ³¿ì¸¦ ¸¸³ª ÁöÁßÇØ ¿¬¾ÈÀ» À̸®Àú¸® Ç¥·ùÇϸç
ŰÇÁ·Î½º, Æä´ÏŰ¾Æ, ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡ µé·¶´Ù.
ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡¼´Â ȯ´ë¸¦ ¹Þ°í, ¶Ç ¸¹Àº ¼±¹°À»
¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±×Áß Çï·¹³×°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÑ °ÍÀº ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç
¹æÃß(Û·õÞ)¿Í ¹ÙÄû°¡ ´Þ¸° ¹Ù±¸´Ï¿´´Ù. ±× ¹Ù±¸´Ï´Â
¾ç¸ð¿Í ½ÇÆÐ¸¦ ³Ö±â À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. |
|
Dyer, in his poem of the "Fleece," thus alludes to this incident:
"...many
yet adhere
To the ancient distaff, at the bosom fixed,
Casting the whirling spindle as they walk.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
This was of old, in no inglorious days,
The mode of spinning, when the Egyptian prince
A golden distaff gave that beauteous nymph,
Too beauteous Helen; no uncourtly gift."
Milton also alludes to a famous recipe for an invigorating
draught, called Nepenthe, which the Egyptian queen gave to Helen:
"Not
that Nepenthes which the wife of Thone
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
Is of such power to stir up joy as this,
To life so friendly or so cool to thirst."
(Comus)
|
¡¡ |
|
Menelaus
and Helen at length arrived in safety at Sparta, resumed their royal
dignity, and lived and reigned in splendour; and when Telemachus,
the son of Ulysses, in search of his father, arrived at Sparta, he
found Menelaus and Helen celebrating the marriage of their daughter
Hermione to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.
[see also: Conflicting Views of Helen]
[see also: Helen
by Euripides]
|
¸Þ³Ú¶ó¿À½º¿Í
Çï·¹³×´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ¹«»çÈ÷ ½ºÆÄ¸£Å¸¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿© ´Ù½Ã
¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ¿À¸£°í ¿µÈ¸¦ ´©·È´Ù. ¿Àµ÷¼¼¿ì½ºÀÇ ¾Æµé
ÅÚ·¹¸¶ÄÚ½º°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¦ ãÀ¸·¯ ½ºÆÄ¸£Å¸¿¡
µµÂøÇßÀ» ¶§ ¸Þ³Ú¶ó¿À½º¿Í Çï·¹³×´Â µþ
Ç츣¹Ì¿À³×¿Í ¾ÆÅ³·¹¿ì½ºÀÇ ¾Æµé ³×¿ÉƲ·¹¸ð½º¿Í
°áÈ¥½ÄÀ» °ÅÇàÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
AGAMEMNON, ORESTES, AND ELECTRA
|
¾Æ°¡¸â³í°ú ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º¿Í ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó |
|
Agamemnon,
the general-in-chief of the Greeks, the brother of Menelaus, and who
had been drawn into the quarrel to avenge his brother's wrongs, not
his own, was not so fortunate in the issue. During his absence his
wife Clytemnestra
had been false to him, and when his return was expected, she with
her paramour, AEgisthus,
laid a plan for his destruction, and at the banquet given to
celebrate his return, murdered him.
|
±×¸®½º±ºÀÇ
ÃÑÁöÈÖÀÚ¿´´ø ¾Æ°¡¸â³íÀº ¸Þ³Ú¶ó¿À½ºÀÇ ÇüÀÌ´Ù.
±×´Â µ¿»ýÀ» À§ÇØ º¹¼öÀü¿¡ Âü°¡ÇßÀ¸³ª, ±×ÀÇ
ÃÖÈÄ´Â µ¿»ýó·³ ÇູÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ ÁýÀ» ºñ¿î
»õ ¾Æ³» Ŭ¸®Å¸ÀÓ³×½ºÆ®¶ó´Â ºÒÀÇÇÑ ÁþÀ» Çϰí
±×°¡ ±ÍȯÇÒ ³¯Â¥°¡ °¡±î¿öÁöÀÚ Á¤ºÎ(ï×Üý)
¾ÆÀ̱âÅ佺¿Í °ø¸ðÇÏ¿© ³²ÆíÀ» ¾ø¾Ö¹ö¸± À½¸ð¸¦
²Ù¸ì´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ±ÍȯÀ» ÃàÇÏÇÏ´Â
¿¬È¸¼®»ó¿¡¼ ±×¸¦ Á׿´´Ù. |
|
It
was intended by the conspirators to slay his son
Orestes also, a lad not yet old enough to be an object of apprehension, but
from whom, if he should be suffered to grow up, there might
be danger.
Electra,
the sister of Orestes, saved her brother's life by sending
him secretly away to his uncle Strophius, King of Phocis.
In the palace of Strophius Orestes grew up with the king's
son Pylades,
and formed with him that ardent friendship which bas become
proverbial. Electra frequently reminded her brother by
messengers of the duty of avenging his father's death, and
when grown up he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which
confirmed him in his design. |
|
°ø¸ðÀÚµéÀº
¾Æ°¡¸â³íÀÇ ¾Æµé ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½ºµµ Á×ÀÏ
ÀÛÁ¤À̾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ¾î·Á¼ °ÆÁ¤ÇÒ
°ÍÀº ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª, ±×°¡ ¼ºÀåÇϸé ÈÄȯÀÌ
µÎ·Á¿ü±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½ºÀÇ ´©ÀÌ ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó´Â ±×¸¦
ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ Æ÷Ű½ºÀÇ ¿ÕÀÎ ¼÷ºÎ
½ºÆ®·ÎÇÇ¿À½º¿¡°Ô·Î º¸³»¾î ±×ÀÇ »ý¸íÀ»
±¸Çß´Ù.
¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º´Â ½ºÆ®·ÎÆÛ¿À½ºÀÇ ±ÃÀü¿¡¼ ¿ÕÀÚ
Çʶ󵥽º¿Í ÇÔ²² ¼ºÀåÇߴµ¥, ±×µé »çÀÌÀÇ
¿·ÄÇÑ ¿ìÁ¤Àº ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¼Ó´ãÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ
ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó´Â Á¾Á¾ »çÀÚ¸¦ º¸³»¾î
µ¿»ý¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ °±À¸¶ó°í ¸î
¹øÀÌ°í »ó±â½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º´Â ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿©
µ¨Æ÷ÀÌÀÇ ½ÅŹ¿¡ ¹®ÀÇÇß´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ½ÅŹÀº
´õ¿í ±×ÀÇ º¹¼öÀÇ °á½ÉÀ» °ø°íÈ÷ Çϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. |
|
|
He
therefore repaired in disguise to Argos, pretending to be a
messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of
Orestes*, and brought the ashes of the deceased in a funeral urn.
After visiting his father's tomb and. sacrificing upon it, according
to the rites of the ancients he made himself known to his sister
Electra, and soon after slew both AEgisthus and Clytemnestra.
*[see source: Aeschylus' Libation
Bearers 650 (Orestes reports his own "death")]
[see also: Sophocles' Electra
680-763 (Orestes has his "death" reported by the Paedagogus)]
|
±×·¡¼
±×´Â º¯ÀåÀ» ÇÏ°í ¾Æ¸£°í½º¿¡ °¡¼ ½ºÆ®·ÎÇÇ¿À½ºÀÇ
»çÀÚ¶ó »çĪÇϰí, ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½ºÀÇ »ç¸ÁÀ» ¾Ë¸®·¯
¿ÔÀ¸¸ç °íÀÎÀÇ À¯°ñÀ» À¯°ñÇÔ¿¡ ³Ö¾î °¡Áö°í
¿Ô´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¹¦¿¡ ¼º¹¦Çϰí
´ç½ÃÀÇ °ü½À¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ£ µÚ¿¡ ´©ÀÌ
¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±âÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¸¦ ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ð
¹Ù·Î ¾ÆÀ̱⽺Å佺¿Í Ŭ¸®Å¸ÀÓ³×½ºÆ®¶ó¸¦
Âü»ìÇß´Ù. |
|
This
revolting act, the slaughter of a mother by her son, though
alleviated by the guilt of the victim and the express command of the
gods, did not fail to awaken in the breasts of the ancients the same
abhorrence that it does in ours. The Eumenides,
avenging deities, seized upon Orestes, and drove him frantic from
land to land. Pylades accompanied him in his wanderings and watched
over him. At length, in answer to a second appeal to the oracle, he
was directed to go to Tauris in Scythia, and to bring thence a
statue of Diana which was believed to have fallen from heaven.
Accordingly Orestes and Pylades went to Tauris, where the barbarous
people were accustomed to sacrifice to the goddess all strangers who
fell into their hands. The two friends were seized and carried bound
to the temple to be made victims. But the priestess of Diana was no
other than Iphigenia,
the sister of Orestes, who, our readers will remember, was snatched
away by Diana at the moment when she was about to be sacrificed.
Ascertaining from the prisoners who they were, Iphigenia disclosed
herself to them, and the three made their escape with the statue of
the goddess, and returned to Mycenae.
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µ¶ÀÚµµ ±â¾ïÇÒ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, Á¦¹°·Î Èñ»ýµÇ·Á°í ÇÒ
¼ø°£¿¡ ¾Æ¸£Å׹̽º¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ³³Ä¡µÇ¾ú´ø ¿©ÀÎÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ²ø·Á¿Â Á˼öµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÌ ´©±¸Àΰ¡¸¦
ŽÁöÇÏÀÚ, ÀÌÇǰԳ×À̾Ƶµ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ½ÅºÐÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô
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But
Orestes was not yet relieved from the vengeance of the
Erinyes. At length he
took refuge with Minerva at Athens. The goddess afforded him
protection, and appointed the court of Areopagus to decide his fate.
The Erinyes brought forward their accusation, and Orestes made the
command of the Delphic oracle
his excuse. When the court voted and the voices were equally
divided, Orestes was acquitted by the command of Minerva.
[see sources: Library
of Apollodorus e.625 and Notes]
[see also: The Legal Influence of the Delphic Oracle]
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ÀçÆÇÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¡¿ì¸Þ´ÏÅ×½ºµéÀº ±×¸¦
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|
Byron, in "Childe Harold," Canto IV., alludes to the story of
Orestes:
"O
thou who never yet of human wrong
Left the unbalanced scale, great Nemesis!
Thou who didst call the Furies from the abyss,
And round Orestes bade them howl and hiss,
For that unnatural retribution,-just
Had it but been from hands less near,- in this,
Thy former realm, I call thee from the dust!"
|
¡¡ |
|
One
of the most pathetic scenes in the ancient drama is that in which
Sophocles represents the meeting of Orestes and Electra, on his
return from Phocis. Orestes, mistaking Electra for one of the
domestics, and desirous of keeping his arrival a secret till the
hour of vengeance should arrive, produces the urn in which his ashes
are supposed to rest. Electra, believing him to be really dead,
takes the urn and, embracing it, pours forth her grief in language
full of tenderness and despair.
|
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°íÀü±Ø Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ºñÀåÇÑ Àå¸éÀÇ Çϳª´Â
¼ÒÆ÷Ŭ·¹½º°¡ ±×¸° ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º¿Í ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó¿ÍÀÇ
ȸÇÕ Àå¸éÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä§ ¿À·¹½ºÅ×½º°¡ Æ÷Ű½º¿¡¼
µ¹¾Æ¿Â ¶§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó¸¦ Çϳà·Î À߸ø ¾Ë°í
¶Ç ÀÚ±âÀÇ ±ÍȯÀ» º¹¼öÀÇ ±âȸ°¡ ¿Ã ¶§±îÁö ºñ¹Ð·Î
ÇØµÎ±â·Î Çϰí, ÀÚ±âÀÇ À¯¹°ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â º´À» ³»
³õ¾Ò´Ù. ¿¤·ºÆ®¶ó´Â ±×°¡ Á×Àº ÁÙ¸¸ ¾Ë°í ±× º´À»
°¡½¿¿¡ ²ø¾î¾ÈÀ¸¸ç ½½ÇÄÀ» Åä·ÎÇß´Ù.
|
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Milton in one of his sonnets, says:
"...The
repeated air
Of sad Electra's poet had the power
To save the Athenian walls from ruin bare."
This alludes to the story that when, on one occasion, the city of Athens was
at the mercy of her Spartan foes, and it was proposed to destroy it, the
thought was rejected upon the accidental quotation, by some one, of a chorus
of Euripides.
[see source: Plutarch, Lysander,
15.3]
[see also: "Saving the Athenian Walls: the Historical Accuracy of Milton's Sonnet 8" by John Leonard]
[see also: Agamemnon
by Aeschylus]
[see also: The
Libation Bearers by Aeschylus]
[see also: The
Eumenides by Aeschylus]
[see also: Lecture on the Oresteia]
[see also: Aeschylus' Agamemnon
(commentary)]
[see also: House of Atreus Lecture Notes]
[see also: Electra
by Sophocles]
[see also: Electra
by Euripides]
[see also: Orestes
by Euripides]
[see also: earliest
reference to Orestes: Homer's Odyssey]
[see also: Web
Resources for the Oresteia]
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TROY
|
Æ®·ÎÀÌ
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After
hearing so much about the city of Troy
and its heroes, the reader will perhaps be surprised to learn that
the exact site of that famous city is still a matter of dispute.
There are some vestiges of tombs on the plain which most nearly
answers to the description given by Homer and the ancient
geographers, but no other evidence of the former existence of a
great city.
[see also: Excavating Troy]
[see also: Troy VII and the
Historicity of the Trojan War ]
[see also: Troy (Truva) Home Page]
[see also: Heinrich Schliemann: Heros & Mythos]
[see also: Troy]
|
Æ®·ÎÀ̾Æ
½Ã¿Í ±× ¿µ¿õµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº À̾߱⸦
µéÀº µÚ¿¡ µ¶ÀÚ´Â ÀÌ À¯¸íÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ À§Ä¡°¡
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»À» µéÀ¸¸é ³î¶ö
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ È£¸Þ·Î½º¿Í °í´ë Áö¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ
±â¼ú¿¡ °¡Àå Àß µé¾î¸Â´Â Æò¿ø¿¡´Â ºÐ¹¦ÀÇ ÈçÀûÀº
ÀÖÀ¸³ª, Å« µµ½ÃÀÇ ÈçÀûÀº ¾ø´Ù. |
| ¡¡
Byron thus describes the present
appearance of the scene:
"The
winds are high, and Helle's tide
Rolls darkly heaving to the main;
And night's descending shadows hide
That field with blood bedewed in vain,
The desert of old Priam's pride,
The tombs, sole relics of his reign.
All- save immortal dreams that could beguile
The blind old man of Scio's rocky isle."
(Bride of Abydos)
[Online Textbook: Barry
Powell, Classical Myth, Chapter 19: The Trojan War, Part II: The Fall of
Troy; The Return of Agamemnon. Also see this chapter's Calvin College Study Guide.]
[Online Textbook: Morford
and Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Chapter 18: The Returns. Also see
this chapter's Myth Summary
and Topic Links.]
[see also: Images of the Trojan War
- Haifa collection]
[see also: Images of the Trojan War Myth
- Temple collection]
[see also: Returns of the Achaean Leaders - map with commentary]
[see also: Geography of the Iliad
- map]
[see also: The Fall of Troy
by Quintus Smyrnaeus]
[see also: Apollodorus summary, After the Iliad - Epitome, V. 1-25.]
[see also: The Legend of the Trojan War]
[see also: Homer's Iliad
(complete text - 4 minute download)]
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Back to Chapter XXVII, Part II
On to Chapter XXIX
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
¡¡
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